EFFECT OF STATIC STRETCHING OF HAMSTRING ON NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN

Objective: To determine the effect of static stretching of hamstring muscle on the non-specific low back pain. Methodology: A Quasi-Experimental study was conducted in Rabia Moon Institute of Neurology which total 30 participants were included through non-probability purposive sampling. Thirty participants were selected who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, they were divided into two groups; group A or treatment group received conventional physiotherapy treatment as well a static stretching exercise protocol for 5 days. Group B or control group received conventional physiotherapy treatment only. VAS (Visual analog scale) and Oswestry Disability questionnaire, SFGD (Standing Finger to ground Distance,) PSLR (passive straight leg raise) for both legs were measured pre- and post-treatment. Result: A total of 30 patients aged 20-55 were included in the study. Mean age of the participants was found to be 37.88 years.  The difference in means of all the assessment parameters pre and post-treatment for both groups were analyzed through paired t-test. There was a significant improvement in VAS, SFGD, Passive Straight leg Raise PSLR (right leg), PSLR (left leg) and level of disability pre- and post-treatment in the treatment group. Conclusion: This present study concluded that static stretching of hamstrings is effective in decreasing non-specific low back pain.

Attitudes and Intentions of Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Thailand

Entrepreneurship is an energetic process for the creation of a new business or venture. Today, it has the central role in developed and developing economies which are facing big challenges such as globalization, population explosion, poor social development, economic competition and downturns. This research investigates an individual’s attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship. With the support of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a theoretical framework has been developed. This study proposes descriptive methodology in which cross-sectional data is collected from the students of public sector universities of Pakistan and Thailand. By applying a survey questionnaire, 700 bachelor and master degree students have been handed over questionnaires through personal visits, emails, post mail, and Survey Monkey in Pakistan and Thailand respectively. The response rate was 60.28% and 59.85% respectively. After cleaning the data, 385 samples from Pakistan and 392 from Thailand were used for final usage. By applying the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows, overall reliability of survey questionnaire was 0.803 and 0.750 respectively. Statistical results obtained through Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis show that attitude towards behavior and subjective norms have positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intention in both the countries. However, perceived behavioral control has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship intentions in Thailand and not significant relationship in Pakistan. Further, analysis shows that need for achievement, self-esteem, personal control and innovation capability has positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurship attitude in Pakistan and Thailand except self-esteem in Thailand. By applying mean score, data shows that attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, need for achievement, selfesteem, personal control and innovation capability are not stronger in Pakistan than in Thailand. However, a subjective norm is stronger in Pakistani individuals than Thais. This study may contribute to entrepreneurship literature and the TPB theory. Furthermore, this research may support policy makers and government agents to reduce the burden of unemployment in a country. Finally, this study concludes with the limitations and future research avenues.