خواتین كی ملازمت تعلیمات اسلامی كی روشنی میں

Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)

Evaluation of Dosimetric Properties in External Beam Radiation Therapy

A great level of accuracy and efficiency is required to execute the various paradigms of the radiotherapy processes. The work described in the dissertation was aimed to verify the quality of treatment plans for different techniques in order to enhance the accuracy of planning processes involved. Also dose profile uniformity was verified to improve the Quality Assurance (QA) of radiotherapy process.This project was organized into three major components comprising of ‘comparison of treatment plan quality of RapidArc and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) using various dosimetric indices’, ‘investigation oftolerance dose to Organs at Risk (OARs) and assessing degree of homogeneity and conformity for Head and Neck (H&N) cancer patients by using Simultaneous Integrated Boost Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (SIB IMRT) technique’, and ‘determination of quality of 6 MV and 15 MV wedge-shaped radiation beams by analyzing the effect of symmetry parameter on depth, field size, beam energy, and wedge angle.’ First, analysis and comparison of the plan quality of IMRT and RapidArc techniques using various dosimetric indices was carried out to find out the better treatment modality for treating patients with cervix cancer. Thirteen cervical cancer patients treated with IMRT were selected for analysis and original plans were subsequently re-optimized based on the RapidArc technique. Inverse treatment planning was done by Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) Treatment Planning System (TPS) for 15 MV photon beams from computed tomographic data. Double arcs were used for RapidArc plans. Quality of treatment plans were evaluated by calculating Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), Gradient Index (GI), coverage, and Unified Dosimetry Index (UDI) for each plan. RapidArc plans resulted in better Planning Target Volume (PTV) coverage as evident by its superior Conformation Number (CN), coverage, CI, HI, GI, and UDI. Regarding Organs at Risk, RapidArc plans exhibit superior organ sparing as found from integral dose comparison. Difference between both techniques was determined by statistical analysis. For all cases under study, modest differences between IMRT and RapidArc treatment were observed. In conclusion, RapidArc-based treatment planning is safer with similar planning goals compared to the standard fixed IMRT technique. Furthermore, degree of conformity, homogeneity and tolerance dose to organs at risk for head and neck cancer patients were investigated. Fifteen patients receiving treatment based on inverse planned SIB IMRT technique were analyzed in this study. Using a beam energy of 6 MV, two dose levels of 70 Gy and 55·4 Gy were used to treat the tumor. Doses of 2 Gy in 35 fractions and 1·68 Gy in 33 fractions were simultaneously delivered for Effective Planning Target Volume (PTV1) and Boost Planning Target Volume (PTV2) respectively. Dose distribution in PTV and critical organs lie within tolerance dose guidelines protecting spinal cord, brain stem, optic chiasm, and optic nerve. Minor deviation from tolerance limit was observed for parotid glands. This technique provided highly conformal and homogenous dose distribution as well as offered best solution for preserving organ function by keeping dose below tolerance level. Finally, symmetry parameter of wedge-shaped photon beam profile was investigated to determine quality of radiation beams produced by linear accelerator. Analysis of beam profile parameter symmetry was performed for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beam energies by varying different factors such as depth, field size and wedge angle. Photon beam profile was measured from Varian’s Clinac DHX using PTW array detector. Data management, analysis, and processing of isodose curves was carried out by PTW MP3-M water tank and PTW MEPHYSTO version 7.33 software. Variation in symmetry was analyzed to match acceptance criteria as recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) protocols. Results implied that symmetry parameter can be treated as being independent of depth and linearly increase with field size and wedge angle. For wedged beam profiles, measured values of symmetry were generally good and exceeded only slightly from the AAPM’s standard criteria for symmetry for open fields. The difference between open field beam profiles and wedge-shaped profiles were considered so that possible errors involved in radiotherapy process can be rectified.