طبقاتی نظام میں ہوا کی تقسیم
محمدجمیل اختر
درخت کم تھے، آبادی زیادہ اور ہوا اِس قدر آلودہ تھی کہ لوگ سانس لینے کی خاطر آکسیجن سلینڈر اپنے ساتھ رکھتے۔۔۔جگہ جگہ آکسیجن اسٹیشن بن گئے تھے جہاں لوگ لمبی قطاروں میں اپنی اپنی باری کا انتظار کرتے رہتے۔۔۔بڑی بڑی کمپنیاں دن رات اپنے اشتہارات تقسیم کرتی رہتیں کہ اگر اپنے پھیپھڑوں کو تندرست وتوانا رکھنا چاہتے ہیں تو اُن کی کمپنی کا آکسیجن سلینڈرحاصل کریں،اگرچہ فضا میں آکسیجن اب بھی موجود تھی لیکن اِن کمپنیوں نے جدید تحقیق سے یہ ثابت کر دیا تھا کہ اب بغیر آکسیجن ماسک کے سانس لینا زندگی کے لیے خطرہ ہے سو لوگ سانس لیتے ہوئے گھبرانے لگے۔
آکسیجن کی تقسیم میں بھی طبقاتی نظام رائج تھا، طاقتور کو زیادہ اور آسانی سے آکسیجن دستیاب تھی بلکہ اُنہیں کبھی بھی آکسیجن حاصل کرنے کی خاطر قطار میں نہ کھڑا ہونا پڑتا اور ابھی اُن کے گھروں کے سٹور روم میں کئی سلینڈر پڑے ہوتے کہ نئی کھیپ اُن کے دروازے پر پہنچ جاتی یہی وجہ تھی کہ اُن لوگوں نے کئی کئی سالوں کی ایڈوانس آکسیجن جمع کر رکھی تھی۔۔۔غریب لوگ اپنے پرانے سلینڈر ہاتھوں میں لیے قطار میں کھڑے رہتے، بہت سے لوگ دم گھٹنے کی وجہ جان کی بازی ہار جاتے۔۔اُن کے عزیز رشتہ دار سڑک بند کرکے احتجاج کرتے لیکن طاقتور طبقہ ہمیشہ یہی کہتا کہ ہمیں تمہارے دکھوں کا پوری طرح احساس ہے، جلد کوئی حل نکالتے ہیں، سڑک کھول دو۔۔۔سڑک کھل جاتی لیکن حل نہ نکلتا حتٰی کہ کوئی اور آدمی دم گھٹنے سے ہلاک ہو جاتا۔۔۔۔۔
This article addresses the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, normally used to determine how quickly economic growth has contracted in a region, i.e. Adverse growth. Thus, the Finance Ministers and the ASEAN Central Bank Governors have decided on a number of promises, including (1) that exceptional policy responses to resolve this pandemic would be washed away to restore economic activity. (2) to enhance the economic and financial monitoring efficiency of the area, and to promote readiness to act as an efficient financial safety net in the region and as an essential component of the global financial security net of the Chiang May Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM). (3) to facilitate greater intra-ASEAN exchange and investment by setting up eligible ASEAN banks (4) funding for local currency use programs for settlements, foreign investments and other operations between ASEAN countries, such as revenue and transfer transactions. (5) supports the advancement of partnership in the area of the funding of infrastructures, in the context of many recommendations to facilitate private investment growth, among other steps. (6) to promote initiatives to use digital financial services to enhance the financial inclusion of the area and to enhance cooperation on various cyber risk management material.
The present research work lays great emphasis on phytochemical investigation and biological screening of a medicinal plant Ruellia squarrosa belonging to the family Acanthaceae. Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the aerial parts and roots of Ruellia squarrosa were prepared. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of selected plant indicated the presence of anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins while tannin was absent. The root and aerial extract of the plant in both solvents were subjected to biological screening such as immunomodulatory inhibitory activity, antiglycation activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, α-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity and tyrosine inhibitory activity. Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of Ruellia squarrosa were also examined for anticancer activity, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, brine-shrimp cytotoxic activity, antioxidant activity and antileishmanial activity. The dichloromethane extract of aerial parts of the plant showed significant immunomodulatory inhibitiory activity with IC50 39.48±8.06 compared with other extracts using ibuprofen as standard. The dichloromethane extract of aerial parts of the plant showed significant antiglycation effect with IC50 382.21±3.43 using rutin as standard drug as among other extracts. The methanol extract of the aerial parts of the plant showed significant urease inhibitory activity with IC50 130.2±0.57 using thiourea as standard drug. The methanol extract of the aerial parts of the plant showed significant activity against a carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity with IC50 1656.7±0.08 using acetazolamide as standard as among other extracts. The dichloromethane extract of root parts of the plant showed significant tyrosine inhibitiory activity with IC50 32.2±0.21 compared with other extracts using Kojic acid as standard. The dichloromethane extract of root parts of the plant showed significant α-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity using chymostatin as standard drug as among other extracts. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of roots and aerial parts of Ruellia squarrosa were evaluated for anticancer activity by MTT assay method against human prostate cancer (PC3) cell line. The dichloromethane extract of roots of the plant showed significant anticancer activity against PC3 cells line with IC50 15.4 ± 0.3 using doxorubicin as standard drug. SUMMARY 2 The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of roots and aerial parts of Ruellia squarrosa were evaluated for brine shrimp lethality activity. The dichloromethane extract of aerial parts and roots of plant showed significant activity having 93% mortality at concentration of 1000 μg /ml as among other extracts. The antifungal activity of plant extracts was carried out against different fungal strains named as Tricinshophyton longifusis, Candida albicans, Candida glabarata, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, and Aspergillus flavus. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of the plant showed no significant antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity of plant extract were determined against the five different strains of bacteria, two of them were Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) and three were Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus spizizenii, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis). The dichloromethane and methanol aerial parts and roots of the plant extracts showed no significant antibacterial activity. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of roots and aerial parts of Ruellia squarrosa were evaluated for antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and antileishmanial activity. The results showed no significant activity. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the roots and aerial parts of Ruellia squarrosa were subjected to phytochemical investigation and nine novel compounds were isolated. Four novel compounds were obtained from methanolic extracts and five novel compounds from dichloromethane extract of the plant Ruellia squarrosa.The structures of isolated novel compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data like UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HR-EIMS spectra. The compounds have been named on the basis of species under study Squarrosal, Squarrosol, Squarroic acid, Squarros, Squarrasadole, Squarostriol, Squarrapyranoic acid, Squarrosone and Squarrosian.The four compounds Squarroic acid, Squarrosone, Squarrasadole and Squarrapyronic acid belongs to the glycoside class. Two compounds belongs the flavonoids class such as Squarrosal and Squarrosol. One compound Squarros belong to natural phenolic compound class. Remaining two compounds belongs to the steroidal class named as Squarostriol and Squarrosian.The novel compounds would be helpful in the treatment of cancer and other ailments, drug designing and development.