دکھیارے
’’دکھیارے‘‘از انیس اشفاق لکھنؤ کی زوال پذیر تہذیب کی عکاسی کرتا ہوا یہ ناول جس میں انیس اشفاق نے بہت سادہ اسلوب زبان اختیار کیا ہے۔ مصنف بہت خوبصورتی سے حال اور ماضی کے واقعات کو بیان کر رہا ہے اور ان واقعات کو حقیقت کے اس قدر قریب تر بتایا ہے کہ کہیں بھی کوئی جھول نظر نہیں آتا۔ مصنف نے ذکر کیا ہے کہ غربت اس قدر بڑھ گئی ہے کہ مکان کی قرقی ہو گئی ہے۔کرداروں میں ایک ماں اور اس کے تین بیٹے ہیں۔ ایک بیٹا ذہنی عارضے میں مبتلا ہے جس کو جنونی کیفیت ہونے پہ یہ احساس ہی نہیں ہوتا کہ وہ ماں کو اپنی وحشت کا نشانہ بنا رہا ہے۔
مصنف نے ناول میں حالات و واقعات کو اس طرح بیان کیا ہے کہ تمام کڑیاں ایک دوسرے سے باہم مربوط ایسے معلوم ہوتی ہیں کہ بات میں سے بات نکلتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ ناول کے آغاز میں ہی مصنف حال میں بات کرتے کرتے اچانک بات کا رخ کچھ اس طرح سے موڑ دیتے ہیں کہ بات ماضی میں چلی جاتی ہے۔ ایسا لگتا ہے کہ مصنف نے خودان سب حالات و واقعات کو قریب سے محسوس کیا اور پھر قلم کے ذریعے اس کو ہم تک پہنچایا۔
’’ماں ‘‘ نے خود جس طرح حالات کا سامنا کیا اور اولاد کو بتایا نہیں کہ یہ مکان جس میں وہ رہتے ہیں ان کا نہیں ہے تو پہلی بار پتا چلنے پر احساس ہوا کہ اس بات کو چھپا کر خود تک رکھنا ماں کے لیے کتنا تکلیف دہ تھا۔مکان کی قرقی ہونے پر راز افشاں ہوا کہ باپ نے یہ مکان گروی رکھا ہوا تھا۔ماں نے جیسے تیسے مقدمہ لڑنے کی کوشش...
The Concept of Collective Ijtihad and Introduction to Prominent Institutions in the Muslim World for resolving contemporary jurisprudential issues is a burning issue these days. Ijtihad is the effort made by the mujtahid in seeking knowledge of the ahkam (rules) of the Shariah through interpretation. It is a known fact the ahkam specifically and explicitly prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah are limited, and as human society evolves, new problems come to the fore. This is the responsibility of mujtahid to present solution of the problems in the light of the rules and principles prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. This endeavor can take place in three shapes, first by an individual effort of a mujtahid, second by a group of in the form of collective ijtihad while its more advanced shape is the consensus (ijma’a) of all the mujtahidin of the time. In this article all the three modes of ijtihad have been discussed and it has been concluded and suggested that the best option for resolving the issues faced by the Muslim Ummah is collective Ijtihad due its easy implementation. This also helps in avoiding many complications while seeking consensus (Ijma’a) in present day time. In this article a list of the problems have been given which need immediate attention of the Muslim scholars, while in the last part introduction of some prominent institutions of the Muslim World have been given with elaboration of their objectives.
In the present research study, the biosorption of Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67 onto free, CMC immobilized, PVA-alginate immobilized and modified rice (Oryza sativa) husk was investigated in a batch mode using different process parameters like pH, particle size, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. Maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH=1 for Everdirect Orange-3GL pH 3.0 for other three the dyes for free, immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent. The amount of dyes sorbed (mg/g) decreased with an increase in biosorbent dose and increased with increase in initial dyes concentration and temperature. Comparison of free, immobilized and HCl treatments showed that the HCl treated biosorbent exhibited the highest biosorption capacity 29.981mg/g (at 125 mg/l), 67.39 mg/g, 45.345 mg/g at 200 mg/l and 37.918 mg/g (at 200 mg/l) for Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67, respectively. The Langmuir Type 1 and 2 models were best fitted to experimental data for free, CMC, PVA-alginate immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent in case of Everdirect Orange-3GL dye, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and the correlation coefficient of Langmuir Type 2 was the highest for Direct Blue-67. The biosorption of all four dyes followed the pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Negative values of (DG°) for direct dyes at high temperatures showed that the process was spontaneous in nature at high temperature. The positive value of DH° showed the endothermic nature of the process. The value of DS° suggested that randomness increased after adsorption of dyes. Due to high uptake capacity rice husk could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution. FT- IR, XRD, SEM studies and BET analysis were carried out to characterize the unloaded and dye loaded biosorbent. A 5 3 full factorial analysis experiment was also studied to determine the biosorption capacity of dyes onto rice husk biomass. Main and interaction effects were analyzed by ANOVA, F-test and p-values. The maximum biosorption was obtained at high initial dyes concentration, low biosorbent dose and low pH values for all dyes. In this research, the influence of electrolytes, heavy metals and surfactants on the removal of direct dyes (50 mg/L) was also examined. Industrial effluents were also removed by rice husk efficiently. Sorption/desorption studies showed that the rice husk biosorbent could be reused successfully and efficiently up to three cycles with four dyes.