مقدمہ

Sayyid Ahmad Shahid’s Role in Islamic Revivalism: A Critique

Abstract: The emergence of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid on the political horizon of Muslim India in the early 19th century synchronized with the loss of Muslim political power. This loss led to departure of the Muslim community from Islam in its pristine purity. Sayyid Ahmad Shahid embarked upon the gigantic task of reviving Muslim enthusiasm toward the pristine Islam. The overbearing theme of what Sayyid Ahmad Shahid stood for amounted to the saying ‘back to the Qur‘an and ‘back to the traditions of the Prophet (s. A. W.) \ By that time the Mughal rulers were too weak to effect any meaningful change. Muslim religious scholars like Sayyid Ahmad rose to the occasion. Sayyid Ahmad, like other scholars, devoted his energy to diagnose the malaise of the Indian Muslims, on the one hand and tried to identify solution to the problems in Islam, on the other. He came to conclusion that changes could be brought about if Muslims reformed their ways. For that matter he preferred social Jihad, which was originally intended to purify or purge Islam of accretions from

Impact of celebrity Endorsement, Advertisement and Sales Promotion on Brand Equity: Mediating Effect of Brand Image

In present scenario, customers are well aware about the price and feature of all the substitute of a product. They have more awareness, more accessibility to the various brands in market. Generic competition among the products has made the competition tougher. The aim of this work is to understand the effect of optimum brand promotional activities to improve brand equity. Students enrolled in university in faculty of management sciences were considered as target population. Respondents were selected on the basis of non-probability convenience based sampling technique. A survey questionnaire was conducted. The number of respondents was 273 which were included in the study. Reliability test, descriptive analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis used for data interpretation. SPSS 20 version software was used for data analysis. It is concluded from the study that celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion have significant effect on brand image, brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty and perceived quality. Brand image has significant positive effect on brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality and brand loyalty. It is further evident that brand image has partial mediating effect on brand awareness, brand association and brand loyalty through advertisement, celebrity endorsement and sales promotions. Brand image has mediating effect on perceived quality through celebrity endorsement, advertisement and sales promotion. The results of this study will help out the brand managers and marketing managers in beverage industry for designing and launching the promotional mix. The study has been conducted in only one metropolitan city of Pakistan. Respondents may be different in different cities due to their change in life style and preferences. Future researchers can conduct the same study in different cities or at national level.