رواداری
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کی سعادت حاصل ہورہی ہے وہ ہے:’’رواداری‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
رواداری ایک ایسی اخلاقی صفت ہے، ایک ایسی صفتِصالحہ ہے، ایک ایسی عادتِ حسنہ ہے۔ جو اس صفت سے متصف ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے خیالات پا کیزہ ہو جاتے ہیں، اس کے تصورات میں ہم آہنگی ہو جاتی ہے۔ اس کی نشست و برخاست اور قیام وقعود میں توازن پیدا ہوجاتا ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
رواداری سے گلشنِ ہستی میں بہار آجاتی ہے ، قوت رواداری سے طائر غور وفکر کی اڑان بلندی پر ہوتی ہے۔ رواداری کا مظاہرہ کرنے والے افراد معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر ہوتے ہیں، رواداری کے شجربار آور کے نیچے اُگنے والا نہال بھی انفرادی خصوصیات کا حامل ہوتا ہے۔ رواداری کے گلشن میں خس و خاشاک نہیں اگتے سودمند خودرو پودوں کا اضافہ ہوتا ہے۔
جنابِ صدر!
رواداری ایک انسان کی دوسرے انسان سے محبت کا نام ہے، ایک فرد کا دوسرے فرد سے خوشگوار رابطے کا نام ہے، ایک شخص کی دوسرے شخص کے ساتھ پائیدارشناسائی کا نام ہے، روادار لوگوں سے ہر کوئی قربت کا متمنی و آرزومند ہوتا ہے، رواداری کا مظاہرہ کرنے والے افراد میدانِ اخوت ومودّت کے شاہسوار ہوتے ہیں۔ رواداری کا مظاہرہ کرنے والے افراد جہاں کہیں بھی ہوتے ہیں، آفتاب و ماہتاب کی طرح نورفشاں رہتے ہیں۔
صدرِذی وقار!
رواداری صرف یہ نہیں کہ ظاہری اعضاء اس کی نشاندہی کریں۔ ظاہری اعضاء کی حرکت کو دیکھ کر اندازہ لگایا جائے کہ شخص روادار ہے، چہرے کی بشاشت اور چمک کو دیکھ کر باور ہو جائے کہ یہی رواداری ہے، کسی شخص کی نشست و برخاست سے یہ اندازہ لگانے میں...
Theoretically, it is supposed that women’s working status and household wealth independently contribute towards the children’s dietary status. The working women of the inferior socio-economic class are generally engaged in the informal sector or low paid work. It may be argued that such kinds of service cannot contribute to the nutritious prestige in children. To solve this puzzle whether woman's working status in all socio-economic setups is contributing to children’s nutritional status or not? This is the main focus of the research. A sample data of 1169 households from PDHS (2012-13) are used to explore the influencing factors of child malnutrition. The study employed the binary logistic regression which observes the likelihood of malnutrition in the children. Malnutrition is measured through CIAF. The interaction terms of the woman’s working status and five quintiles of wealth index have been created. The results disclose that working women belonging to the household of the first two quintiles of the wealth index and the fourth quintile of the wealth index are not contributing to the nutritious prestige of the children. Furthermore, in the third quintiles, the working status of women contributes to the nutritional prestige of children. It may be inferred that the socioeconomic status of the household is important for the nutritional welfare of the children, not the woman's employment. However, it may be concluded that women’s employment should be of the level that can support the socio-economic status of the household.
Pakistan‘s economy is based on agriculture that is highly dependent on water resources originating in the mountain sources of the Upper Indus Basin. Climate change may have serious implications for the management of water resources. The aim of this study was to examine the variability analysis in temperatures and precipitation and its impact on streamflows of Mangla Basin, UIB Pakistan using GIS based hydrological modeling. Trend analyses were performed by applying parametric and non-parametric tests and Sen‘s method was applied to estimate change values in time series. The influence of serial correlation was eliminated from time series by applying the Trend-Free Pre-Whitening (TFPW) method prior to the trend analysis. Firstly, a trend analysis was performed to examine whether climate is really changing in the study area. This trend analysis was performed on discharge, precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures for the period 1961-2010 and investigates the relationship between trends in hydrological variable (streamflows) and trends in meteorological variables (precipitations & temperature). The spatial maps of hydrometeorological variables were also developed to examine hydro-climatologically variability in the study area. The future climate change scenarios were developed with the help of SDSM model, a statistical downscaling approach based model, by using the outputs of the HadCM3 model. The river flow in Mangla basin depends on seasonal snowmelt and rainfall. So, the streamflow was simulated using the SWAT model, a physically based distributed hydrologic model that uses a GIS interface and readily available input data such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), climate, soil and land-use data. The future stream flows were also simulated based on future developed climate change scenario using calibrated SWAT model.Results of this study revealed that warming trends were observed in the southern part (lower part) of study area whereas in northern part (higher part), cooling trends were found. Precipitation in low elevated basins Poonch and Kanshi has decreased whereas in high elevated Kunhar and Neelum basins have the significant increasing trends. Trends were more common in mean and low streamflows compared to high streamflows. The annual minimum flow at the outlet of Mangla watershed has decreased whereas mean and maximum flow has increased. The streamflow in winter and spring seasons has increased whereas in summer and autumn seasons have decreased. The changes in annual maximum temperature for future periods (2020s, 2050s and 2080s) in the whole basin would be increases by about 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2 oC respectively under A2 high emission scenario. Decreasing trends in maximum temperature were observed for the high elevated subbasins in northern region of Mangla watershed (Kunhar and Neelum) while low elevated subbasins (Poonch and Kanshi) have the increasing trends. The annual minimum temperature for future periods (2020s, 2050s and 2080s) in the Mangla basin would be 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 oC respectively. The annual precipitation would be increased by 6, 10, and 19 % in Mangla basin in 2020, 2050 and 2080 respectively whereas in Kunhar, Neelum, Poonch and Kanshi basin may be increased by 16, 11, 13 and 59% respectively in 2080s. The future climate change scenarios have impacts on hydrological system resulting in 15% increased annual streamflows whereas for the winter, spring and summer seasons would be increased upto 16%, 19% and 20% respectively while for the autumn would be decreased upto17% in 2080s.. The prevailing trends and variability, caused by climate change, have an effect on the flows that should be considered by the water managers for better water management in a water scarce country like Pakistan.