تکافل کا مضاربہ ماڈل: تعارف اور عملی طریقہ کار میں پیش آمدہ مسائل کا حل

Humanity is not immortal and suffers from accidents and disaster. These dangers may exist in the present or future and humans are compelled to face all kinds of dangers. So human beings have always been taking measures to overcome the dangers. Islam also allows for adopting different methods to overcome and indemnify all expected disasters but that methods should be in sharia limitations. Takaful is that kind of method that is practised in Muslim world. Takaful companies are offering takaful policies on the basis of Wakala, Waqf, Modharba and Hybrid models. This article makes awareness about a model of takaful, “Modharba model”. It explains the takaful Modharba model in the parameters of actual Introduction conditions and sharia bases of modharbat. It is resulted that this model has great contradiction with the concept of actual sharia modharbat. Many sharia concerns are found in this model that’s why this model is not suitable for Takaful. Takaful should be on the basis of pure Tabarrou. In which people help one another on the basis of mutual assistance and cooperation not because of just their own benefits.

Analysis of High Frequency Field in Focal Region Using Maslov’S Method

Maslov’s method has been used to derive high frequency field expression for differ- ent focusing systems. Derived high frequency field expression is valid around the focal region of focusing systems. Both reflection and transmission based focusing geometries are considered for discussion. Three dimensional Cassegrain and Gregorian systems are considered reflection problems. Hyperbolic lens, hyperboliodal lens, plano-convex lens, inhomogeneous slab and its three dimensional version, that is Wood lens are con- sidered as transmission problems. It is assumed that each focusing system is placed in isotropic, homogeneous medium and observed their focused field around the focal region. Next it is consider that transmitted fields from inhomogeneous slab, Wood lens and plano-convex lens are focused into negative uniaxial crystal. The numerical results for focused fields inside negative uniaxial crystal with several different orientations of the optical axis in the plane of incidence are obtained. Maslov’s method is a systematic procedure for predicting the field in the caus- tic region. It combines the simplicity of ray theory and generality of the transform method and provides remedy of geometrical optics which fails at caustic. Geomet- rical optics field may be recovered from the high frequency field expression, derived using Maslov’s method, for observation points away from the caustic. Field patterns obtained using Malov’s method are compared with those obtained using equivalent current distribution method, Huygens Krichhoff’s integral, and Debye Wolf focusing integral and comparisons are found to be in good agreement.