میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

No society is safe from crimes hence with the passage of time, crimes amplify along with alteration in its nature. As the approaches of investigation and finding the crime develop, the ratio of crimes also increases and the casualties occur with new devices and techniques. On the other hand individual and collective endeavors are being made to stop it. The concerned authorities try to finish or decrease these crimes by formulating various new rules. The rules that the Creator and the real Owner of the whole world had bestowed upon us in the form of Islam, it includes the right and basic techniques to control the crimes. As the modern technology has facilitated us with many facilities, it has also facilitated us in finding a culprit or proofs against him that helps in the stoppage of crimes and finding the criminals. As this modern technology has brought a great reduction in the casualties and crimes, on the other hand we have also to face some legal and Islamic issues. One of these issues is the case of medical test for witness that whether the test of clinical laboratory can be accepted as witness

Spatial Planning of Passive Optical Telecommunciation Network in Karach Through Gis Techniques

Telecommunication companies around the globe offering boundless features through wireline and wireless networks to consumers but legacy of telecommunication network is not fully capable to offer uninterrupted services and when dealing with bandwidth hungry applications. Under the influence of number of factors including; conventional network planning methods, lack of geospatial knowledge and legacy decision making approaches, telecom sector faces a host of problems those need an emergent resolution. A very tough competition, technological development and consumer churn have forced telecom operators to maximum utilization of installed networks. Telecom service providers now adopting systematical methodologies and strategic planning approaches to enhance service capabilities, expand network coverage, install modernized telecom networks and upgrade legacy networks to provide uninterrupted multi featured services efficiently. Telecom networks are usually at vast geographic area and spatial extant of networks need to deal with most suitable geo-spatial techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) is widely used in telecom industry to deal the requirement of telecom networks sophisticatedly. Today welldeveloped GIS data models and tools support overall telecom operations especially outside plant management, network planning, decision making and network modeling up to port level. These network models also support in several business and operational capacities, right from network engineering designs, customer contact to many other operational and functional areas. This study reviewed utilization of various GIS techniques and methodologies in telecom network management, analysis, operations with integrated operational support and business support system for spatial network planning and optimal Gigabit Passive Optical Network engineering solution for Misri Shah telephone exchange of PTCL located in DHA phase-VI, Karachi. It is taken as a representative model in a mega city of 22 million populations. A valuable telecom network data from PTCL planning and development department, complain management system (CMS) data from operations, financial data from billing and customer care (B&CC), base map, and geographic data of consumer integrated with geodatabase model, to explore network status, identify network gapes, perform spatial analysis, display consumer profiling, highlight lucrative areas, determine customer demand, identify potential business areas, and spatial representation of Outside plant using geo-informatics techniques significantly.