2. Al-Baqarah/The Cow
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
02:01
a. Alif. Lam. Mim.
02:02
This Qur’an is the awaited Divine Book.
Let there be no doubt in that this is the Absolute Word of Allah in Arabic and no one can ever change it.
This is a manifesto that provides guidance for those who endeavor to shape their lives as well as their social behavior in a manner that seeks Allah’s Pleasure: the ever Allah- reverent.
02:03
They are the people who
believe in whatever is beyond their senses and perception, and
establish the Salat /Prayers and
spend a good part of their wealth which WE have favored them with in the Cause of Allah, human development, and community welfare.
02:04
And they also believe in that which is being sent down on to you O The Prophet,
and all Divine Scriptures that were sent down before you on to the earlier Prophets and
they firmly believe in the All-embracing concept of the Hereafter and its correlatives.
02:05
Thus, it is they who are living by the Guidance from their Rabb - The Lord.
And it is also they who are going to be successful.
02:06
Surely those who willfully deny and belie the truth of these beliefs despite your advocacy,
it is a matter of gross indifference to them whether you warn them of the consequences of disbelief or do not warn them, they are not going to believe.
02:07
Allah has set a seal upon
their hearts, and
their hearing, and
over their intellectual vision...
The ECE teaching in pre-primary schools is enhanced by the Government in primary schools the student must be 3-8 years’ classes of Pakistan. This subject is a source of learning to know the things as well as to familiar with the school environments and connected to schools same time will be a responsible citizen, so the mosques are playing very important role in teaching of little kids from beginning of Islam to till date. It is more successfully working in our mosques and provide basic education for learner, so in this study found out the effectiveness of mosques for ECE pre-primary education SBA, Sindh Pakistan for this study sample was selected from the school teachers which were consist on 100 hundred and five like rate scale questioners were distributed among them to know the effectiveness of mosques for ECE education according the finding most the respondent were agreed that the mosques will be the suitable place for little kids learning place because mostly every colony, muhalla, village, street had a mosque and almost one or two rooms are also connected to mosques only few mosques where this facility is not avail able otherwise mostly these mosques is also a big class room if it is used carefully so this all was effective conclusion for the effectiveness of ECE as well as for the learners learning point of view. So it is also recommended for Government as well as policy makers to revisit polices of teaching ECE classes and their effectiveness in regards to mosques where all facilities have been already present must be included in streamline of Pakistan
This thesis investigates the role of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in European financial markets. Traditional activities of CRAs include information supply, certification, and monitoring services for corporations and rating sovereign debt. Any change in the opinion of CRAs on the sovereign debt has strong implications on the financial markets and the real economy. This thesis contributes to literature by investigating: (i) the effect of sovereign rating and outlook changes on the shape of the sovereign yield curve; (ii) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook changes on stock markets at different levels of business cycle; (iii) the effect of financial liberalization on the growth in sovereign ratings; and (iv) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms. In order to properly investigate these research questions, we employ a variety of pertinent statistical and econometric tools as required in every chapter. These techniques include but are not limited to state space modelling, vector autoregressions, maximum likelihood estimations, Kalman filter approach, generalized method of moments, and limited dependent variable methods. Findings of this thesis reveal, inter alia, that sovereign rating and outlook announcements play an important “confirmation role” in the financial markets; however, the extent of the effect depends on the announcement type, CRA specificity, kind of market and country characteristics. Specifically, the second chapter shows a significant effect of rating downgrades and an insignificant effect of rating upgrades on the sovereign yield curve; however, we observe mixed results for the effect of changes in outlook status of a sovereign country. The third chapter identifies that stock markets react more negatively to rating downgrades in recovery phases and more positively to rating upgrades in the contractionary period. However, we do not find any evidence of a pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating and outlook change on stock returns. The fourth chapter indicates a positive impact of financial liberalization on sovereign ratings, and we show that we cannot reject the hypothesis that financial stability is independent of financial liberalization. Moreover, we show in this chapter that sovereign ratings tend to be stable and persistent, otherwise. The fifth chapter suggests a significant negative effect of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms. The last chapter concludes the thesis with implications of these findings for understanding the role of rating agencies in financial markets, policymaking, designing regulations and for investors and firm owners, both in developing and developed economies.