برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کے مناہج و دبستان اور نمائندہ شخصیات کی علمی تراث کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.

Production, Characterization and Purification of Xylanase from Aspergillus Species

Fermentation is a fundamental part of microbial biotechnology that aids in the production of value-added products. For an optimum fermentation process a microbial strain must be chosen and refined for required product. Plant biomass has remarkable benefits of producing both products and energy. For comprehensive hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, several enzymatic reactions are implicated. Xylanases are the enzymes that participate in the cleavage of internal β-(1,4)-linked D-xylosyl glycosidic bonds in hetroxylan to produce short xylooligosaccharides. The current study is established to produce xylanase from filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger KIBGE-IB36. The synthesis of xylanase was enhanced by optimizing different medium components and physical parameters. The high production of xylanase was achieved at 30°C and pH 8.0 after 06 days of fermentation period. The high yield of xylanase was achieved with 20.0 gL-1 xylan as carbon source with 5.0 gL-1 of meat extract and peptone as a nitrogen source, respectively. The xylanase was purified using gradient precipitation and gel permeation chromatography (Sepharose CL-6B). To confirm the purity of enzyme, native Page gel and zymography was performed. The approximate molecular weight of purified xylanase was 110 kDa. The kinetic characteristics of purified xylanase showed optimal activity at 50°C with pH 5.0 within 10.0 minutes of reaction time. It was also observed that the purified enzyme showed stability with various metal ions, organic solvents and detergents. However, Hg+2, Co+2, Fe+3 and Sodium dodecyl sulfate have inhibitory effect on xylanase activity. The hydrolysis pattern of purified xylanase showed efficient xylan degrading pattern and produced xylose as an end-product. The relative amino acid composition showed greater amount of aspartic acid and N-terminal sequence of purified xylanase revealed that the enzyme have N-glycosylation properties that make the xylanase more stable and have high catalytic potential. In this study, biotechnological exploitation of xylanase showed remarkable production using agro-industrial wastes and its efficient pre-treatment that produced fermentable sugars. Hence, the results obtained from the current study showed that the purified and synthesized enzyme from Aspergillus niger KIBGE-IB36 have potential to be used in different industrial applications mainly in animal feed, paper and pulp industry and enzymatic pre-treatment of agro-industrial wastes.