Analyse psychosociale de la littérature féminine en Mauritanie

Over the years, Mauritanian Moorish women have managed to have their own poetry, an oral literature known locally as "tebrāʕ" translated into French by the word "ingenuity", sometimes also "invention". It is a love poetry originally used by girls or by women in general to express feelings that social norms prevent them from manifesting publicly. Tebrāʕ is deeper than a mere female expression of passion, it is rather a social and psychological state of mind that empowers women and helps them break taboos virtually for a short period of time. This article is an analytical reading of Tebrāʕ and presents new models and ways of examining this oral literature. It tries also to answer several questions which can be summarized as follows: Can this form of poetry be considered as a female literature? The closed circle where these words are composed and pronounced, can it be considered a therapy session? And above all, what power do these women and girls derive from this practice? This article is also a study of the perception of men and women in Mauritania in relation to this oral art practice based

Image Reconstruction by Filtered, Stochastic and Transform Based Techniques Using Parallel Beam Transmission Tomography

The image reconstruction by parallel ray transmission tomography has been carried out by using filtered, stochastic and transform-based techniques. Image quality has been analyzed by various error measures using Filtered Back-Projection (FBP) technique with various composite filters, namely Shepp-Logan, Cosine and Hamming filters. The effect of projections on filtered-based image reconstruction has also been thoroughly investigated. A stochastic-based, Hybrid Simulated Annealing (HSA) algorithm has been proposed for the image reconstruction using lesser number of projections or when the data is missing or corrupt. Various parameters have been tuned including generic parameters, like initial and final temperatures, annealing schedule, slab-thickness with constant temperature, etc. along with problem specific parameters, like size and structure complexities, number of projections, etc. The image quality has been compared with other techniques, namely FBP and Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART). Another stochastic algorithm, the Hybrid Continuous Genetic Algorithm (HCGA), has also been introduced for image reconstruction. It has been used with preprocessed image data or even the actual human data for image reconstruction. The templates used were of two types: the FBP-based and the multiscale Wavelet Transform based. Various operators, namely Mixed Selection Scheme, Image Row Crossover operator, Offset Based Mutation and Hybrid Diversification operators have been introduced. The sensitivity analysis of various selection schemes, like truncation, roulette wheel, tournament selection, etc., crossover schemes, like single point, multi point, uniform crossover schemes, etc., and mutation schemes, namely standard- and gradient-based schemes, have been investigated in depth for tomographic image reconstruction. The number of projections has been optimized for HCGA reconstruction to p = 30. The HCGA-based image reconstruction for 8 × 8 to 128 × 128 sized images have been found to be better than FBP and ART techniques, and even better relatively for larger image sizes than the HSA. The fitness function analysis has also been carried out for various functions like Root Mean Squared error (RMSE), Mean Squared error (MSE), Mean Absolute error (MAE), Relative Squared error (RSE), Root Relative Squared error (RRSE), etc. The MAE and RMSE have been generally found to converge relatively in shorter times in comparison to the rest of the functions under consideration. The HDO introduction in the Evolution cycle, using the SA and the decreasing law of mutation probability, culminated to relatively more promising results. The essence of this thesis is the relative comparison of various stochastic techniques by using filtered and transform-based techniques for the first time in the field of parallel ray transmission tomography. The work is exhaustive, multi-dimensional with conclusive results.