مولانا محفوظ الرحمن نامی
افسوس ہے کہ ایک طویل علالت کے بعد گذشتہ مہینہ مولانا محفوظ الرحمن صاحب نامی نے وفات پائی مرحوم ایک ممتاز عالم دین، خوش بیان واعظ اور عملی انسان تھے، انھوں نے مسلمانوں کی بڑی مفید علمی تعلیمی اور ملی خدمات انجام دیں، وہ سیاسی خیالات میں قوم پرور تھے، اور ان کا اتنا اثر تھا کہ لیگ اور کانگریس کے اختلاف کے شباب کے زمانہ میں اسمبلی کے انتخاب میں مسلم پارلیمنٹری بورڈ کے ٹکٹ پر لیگ کے امیدوار کے مقابلہ میں کامیاب اور شعبۂ تعلیم میں پارلیمنٹری سکریٹری مقرر ہوئے، لیکن وہ ایک دیندار اور باحمیت مسلمان تھے، اس لیے زیادہ دنوں تک حکومت کے ساتھ نہ چل سکے اور ایک مذہبی معاملہ میں ان کو اس عہدے سے الگ ہونا پڑا، درس و تدریس سے بھی ان کو ذوق تھا، نورالعلوم کے نام سے انھوں نے بہرائچ میں عربی کا ایک مدرسہ بھی قائم کیا تھا، نئے نظام تعلیم میں ان کو مسلمان بچوں کی تعلیمی مشکلات کا ذاتی تجربہ ہوچکا تھا، اس لیے پارلیمنٹری سکریٹری کے عہدہ سے الگ ہونے کے بعد وہ ہمہ تن مسلمان بچوں کی مذہبی تعلیم کی جدوجہد میں لگ گئے، اور درس قرآن کا ایک سلسلہ مرتب کیا جس سے بہ یک وقت ابتدائی عربی، ترجمہ قرآن اور اردو زبان تینوں کی تعلیم ہوجاتی تھی، یہ سلسلہ بہت مقبول ہوا، اور مولانا نے اس کی تبلیغ و اشاعت کے لیے ہندوستان بھر کا دورہ کیا اس غیر معمولی محنت سے ان کی صحت خراب ہوگئی اور ان پر فالج کا حملہ ہوگیا، اور سات آٹھ سال صاحب فراش رہنے کے بعد ۲۰؍ نومبر کو انتقال کیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی خدمات کو قبول اور ان کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء)
The focus of this study is to highlight the ‘’Mushajarat, of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Lexical meaning of the ‘’Mushajarat, is a dense trees in which the branches are mixing and striking with each other. Here it exposes itself in the meaning of fight because the fighter are mixing and striking with one another. The religious scholars did not explain the partiality among the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) as fight, but they rather explained it as ‘’Mushajarat, because the dense tree is the beauty and has attraction for aesthetic watchers. According to ‘’sharia, the word ‘’Mushajarat, is used for the difference of opinion on religious issues among the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) which is compared with dense tree in which the branches are mixing and striking each other, because the branches of a tree are in different directions which are not objectionable and cannot be termed as a weakness of a tree but rather beautify the tree. Indeed one can find differences amongst the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) but that is explained by the well doctrine Religious Scholars as ‘’Mushajarat, which is the beauty of Sharia and Islamic Fiqqah, because there was no hostility or hatred amongst the companion of Holy Prophet (PBUH) when they were explaining Islamic Fiqqah or Sharia.
Distance education can be regarded as mediated form of education relying on various forms media and technologies. At present, it encompasses emerging technologies such as computers, Internet, World Wide Web, Educational Television and Video- conferencing. Distance teaching institutions are using these technologies to make teaching learning process more effective. The present study was conducted with the main objectives (i) to evaluate the effectiveness of emerging technologies in teaching learning process in Pakistan (ii) to evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on teaching learning process, (iii) to identify the problems involved in the use of emerging technologies in distance education. The study was delimited to the graduate level (BCS) final semester students, tutors and academicians enrolled in semester spring 2003 at UKOU, STOU and V.U. of Pakistan. Clustered sampling technique was used and 70% students, 100% tutors and 60% academicians from each of the universities were taken as viisamples. For each sample, individual questionnaire was developed on five point (Likert) scale to elicit their opinions. Data collected from the questionnaire of students was analyzed also by Chi Square (χ 2 ) alongwith percentage and mean score and the data collected from questionnaires of tutors and academicians was analyzed by applying percentage and mean score. From the analysis of data it was found that emerging technologies have facilitated distance education as an interactive process. Computers had disseminated theoretical and practical activities for remedial teaching and learning providing text and graphics. Learning through interest and work as effective and students got a variety of relevant material on the topic. ETV has created awareness to adopt good learning experiences from other countries. Video-conferencing influenced more human resources and promoted active participation of students. Students faced problems in having access to them. Therefore, it was concluded that emerging technologies have made distance education more effective and efficient in promoting individual learning, improving intellectual level of students and pedagogical skills of tutors and academicians. On the basis of conclusions, it was recommended that (i) long-term and short- term training and retraining of tutors and academicians may be made necessary (ii) students may be provided opportunities of orientation sessions in order to develop skills of using these technologies efficiently (iii) study centers may be equipped with emerging technologies having efficient guidance and counseling services cell.