Density of Aedes Aegypti Larvae Based on Knowledge, Attitude, and Action to Eradicate Mosquito Nest in Daya Market of Makassar City

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a dengue virus infection which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. To prevent the occurrence of dengue cases, it is necessary to eradicate mosquito nests. The market is one of the public places that has a risk of dengue transmission. This study aims to determine the density description of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes and actions of cleaning managers, traders and visitors to Pasar Daya Makassar City. This type of research is descriptive observational. The research samples were cleaning managers, traders and visitors as well as containers at Pasar Daya and at the respondent's house. Sampling for respondents using purposive sampling method using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the number of containers positive for ae. Aegypti larvae in the Daya market was 34 containers with a container index value (CI) = 35.4% and the value of Density Figure (DF) 8 and the presence of Ae. Aegypti larvae in the respondent's house (positive) amounting to (51.4%). At the level of knowledge of respondents in the poor category (68.6%), while the attitudes and actions of respondents in the poor category showed a high enough percentage, namely 65.7%, and (68.6%). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the density of Aedes aegypti larvae in Pasar Daya Makassar City is in the high category.

Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Silicon Germanium and Their Alloys

The present research work describes the compositional analysis of silicon, germanium and their alloys using calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique. In the initial experimental work, the fundamental plasma parameters of silicon have been studied as a function of laser irradiance, ambient pressure, and distance along the plume length using the fundamental (1064 nm) and second harmonic (532 nm) of Q-switched Nd: YAG laser were investigated. Electron temperature was determined using Boltzmann plot method and electron number density by the Stark broadening in the line profile. In the next series of experiments, calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CFLIBS) technique has been applied for the quantitative analysis of silicon and germanium alloys and polycrystalline solar cells. The emission spectrum of a standard Al-Si alloy was captured using single pulse LIBS and the analysis confirmed the presence of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb in the alloy. After background subtraction and incorporating self-absorption corrections, the corrected emission intensities and accurate evaluation of plasma temperature (10100 K) yield the reliable quantitative results up to a maximum 2.2% deviation from the standard values. Furthermore, the double-pulse LIBS in collinear configuration was used to record the emission spectra of two unknown alloys (Ge-Cu/Si, Ge-Ba/Si), a standard alloy (GdGe-Si) and three polycrystalline solar cell samples. The experimental parameters such as interpulse delay, gate delay and energy ratio between the two laser pulses were optimized to improve the signal to background and signal to noise ratio in the LIBS spectra. The concentration of the species was determined with and without using Boltzmann plots. The later approach was used for the trace elements with emission lines not enough to draw Boltzmann plot of it. The results of this approach show maximum deviation of 4% from the reference data. Furthermore, the analysis of unknown polycrystalline silicon solar cells extracted the concentration of trace impurities C, Ca, Sb, In, Sn, Ti, Al, and K in parts per million (ppm). These impurities in crystalline structure reduce the conversion efficiency of solar cells and therefore their detection and quantification is important for efficient photovoltaic applications