ایاز سموں
پیپلز پارٹی کا یہ جیالہ 1959ء میں سندھی خاندان میں پیدا ہو ا ۔شروع شروع میں سندھی نیشنلسٹ گروپ میں شامل ہوا ۔1977ء میں PSFمیں شمولیت اختیار کی ۔دہشت گردی کے الزام میں گرفتار ہو کر جیل پہنچ گیا ۔1985ء میں فوجی عدالت نے سزائے موت سنائی اور26جون کو اسے پھانسی دے دی گئی ۔پھانسی کے وقت اس کی عمر 26سال تھی ۔
This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems namely the India-U.S. Tactical relations and strategic cooperation. The paper concludes that China and Pakistan need to preserve amicable, strategic, and diplomatic connections with one another as it is necessary for the peace, security, and economic development of not only China and Pakistan but for the region overall.
This study investigates the nature, scope and implications of and reasons for Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fiction. It draws upon the conceptual frameworks developed by Fowler (1996) and Muthiah (2009), and employs earlier models offered by Kachru (1983), Baumgardner, Kennedy and Shamim (1993), Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffins (2002), and the recent ones by Chelliah (2006), and Muthiah (2009) from the fields of linguistic criticism, sociocultural linguistics, world Englishes and postcolonial studies. Three Pakistani-American fiction works, namely, An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa, Home Boy by H. M. Naqvi and In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin, are selected for separate analyses under these models that are then converged into a three-dimensional model for postcolonial linguistic critique. It was found that all the texts under study follow postcolonial language ideology. This is where the findings of this research diverge from those given by Muthiah (2009) who asserts that fiction writers of the works under her study adopt colonial language ideology by constructing Indian English as substandard variety. However the texts under this study, by employing the strategies of abrogation and appropriation, and techniques of hybrid innovations and lexical borrowings, etc., ‘Pakistanize’ English, and represent and counter-represent a variety of cultural and ideological beliefs, norms and practices. This study also demonstrates that Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fictional works is indicative of the ongoing process of linguistic hybridity where English is negotiating with indigenous linguistic insurgency to accelerate the emergence of ‘Urdish.’ This thesis acknowledges Pakistani English as a variety of English as sixteen characteristic linguistic features of its own are found employed in the texts under study. This acknowledgment reinforces the findings of some of the previous studies in the area such as Mahboob (2009), Uzair (2011), Khan (2012), etc. However, the frequency of Pakistani expressions used in each of the texts under study remains formulaic, and is below 0.50%.