Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Parity in Developing Asia

The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.

Exploring Teacher Educators Professional Development of a Private Organization Involved in Faith Education in Karachi

The purpose of this study was to explore how teacher educators of a private organization, involved in faith education develop themselves professionally to support teachers. This was a case study grounded in the social constructivist framework. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, and observation. The collected data was analyzed by using constant comparative method. The findings indicated that the teacher educators of faith education developed themselves professionally through the following strategies; (a) through formal training programs, field experiences, public speaking skills, reflection, and readings of Various Subjects. (b) Pedagogical content knowledge for teacher educators’ professional development; professional development programs, discussions with the faith education teachers, cooperative learning, and understanding of psychology and philosophy. Discussion focuses on how these findings are related to teacher educators’ professional development in the context of faith education.