النتائج
1۔ أولاً:
تقسیم قصائد وأشعار نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر إلی قسمین وھما: الأشعار المتشابھۃ والأشعار المختلفۃ۔
2۔ ثانیاً:
شرح مجمل بسیط لأبیاتھما الشعریۃ، ودراسۃ مقارنۃ شعریۃ من حیث الأفکار والأسلوب والتعبیر والمعنیٰ.
3۔ ثالثاً:
أحیاناً تتشابه الشاعرتان في الأفکار والأسلوب والتعبیر، وأحیاناً أخری تختلفان عن بعضھما إختلافاً کلیاً.
4۔ رابعاً:
الشاعرتان نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر کلاھما بارعتان في صناعۃ الألفاظ وإیصال الفکرۃ إلی القاريء أو السامع بشکل واضح ودقیق، وبتعبیر صادق يھز الکیان.
5۔ خامساً:
الحزن سائد في معظم قصائدھما، ولکن کان لدیھما القابلیۃ في التأقلم مع البيئۃ والظروف السیاسیۃ والإجتماعیۃ والعائلیۃ.
6۔ سادساً:
أعمال نازك الملائکۃ الأدبیۃ والشعریۃ والعلمیۃ أکثر من بروین شاکر، کما أن نازك الملائکۃ أکبر سناً، وأکثر تجربۃ، وأوسع خیالاً، وأدق تعبیراً، وأشمل وأوضح معان، وأطول قصائد من بروین شاکر.
7۔ سابعاً:
مع أن بروین شاکر کانت تقل عن نازك الملائکۃ في أمور کثیرۃ، ولکنھا کانت لا تقل عنھا شھرۃً وصدقاً وأمانۃً وعزۃً وشرفاً وحزناً وحریۃً في إختیار الأفکار الجدیدۃ المناسبۃ والمتأقلمۃ مع الجیل الجدید.
8۔ ثامناً:
دافعت الشاعرتان عن حقوق المرأۃ دفاعاً عظیماً، ولھما نفس الشعور في حمایۃ المرأۃ علی أساس أنھا أضعف قوۃً وأقل مرتبۃً من الرجال، وأنھا المظلومۃ والمعصومۃ في عالم الظلم والظلام وھو عالم الرجال.
Dr. Muhammad Iqbal is an outstanding poet-philosopher, perhaps the most influential Muslim thinker of the 20th century. His poetry, both Urdu and Persian, is great. Iqbal's philosophy is known as the philosophy of selfhood (KHUDI). His philosophy determines the fact that the purpose of life is the development of inner-self. This goal of human being is definitely achieved by the true love of God, and sincere obedience of His Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). As the holy Quran declares loud and clear: "Say: if you do love Allah, follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins." This article is about the gist of Dr. Iqbal's poetry, which is the love and devotion of Allah's beloved Messenger Muhammad (PBUH). Just like Rumi, Dr. Iqbal had a similar pattern of love for the personality of the prophet. He made Him to be the role-model in bringing the socio-political change within the Muslim society of his time. He firmly believes: If you are loyal to Muhammad, then We are yours The world is naught: The Pen of Destiny shall be yours
The present research work was carried out in Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during 2011-14. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications to determine growth inhibition, toxic and repellent effect of some indigenous plant materials against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed and leaf, bakain (Melia azedarach) seed, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, tumha (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit, kaner (Nerium oleander) leaf, harmal (Peganum harmala) and panir (Withania coagulans) seed were evaluated at the application rate of 3.0% in different formulations. The most effective plant material in each experiment was further evaluated using different concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 0.025% for optimum control of the pest. Neem seed powder exhibited significantly highest oviposition deterrence (91.27%), adult inhibition (99.25%) and repellency (67.02%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this powder showed significantly lowest damage (0.49%) and weight loss (0.26%). Bakain seed powder caused maximum (20.24%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours of exposure time. Studies on efficacy of different concentrations of neem seed powder showed that it effectively inhibited oviposition and adult emergence of the pest up to 0.4% concentration, showing optimum oviposition deterrence (51.20%), adult inhibition (80.62%) and significantly lowest (21.41 and 8.64%) damage and weight loss of chickpea grains compared to control. The same powder provided optimum (51.36%) repellency at 2.0% concentration. Among aqueous extracts, bakain seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (61.25%) and adult inhibition (77.40%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this extract showed lowest damage (41.80%) and weight loss (12.85%) compared to control. The same extract caused maximum (47.21 and 44.70%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment and topical application respectively. Aqueous extracts of neem seed and leaf exhibited maximum (22.88 and 22.81%) repellency against the pest. The results further depicted that bakain seed extract retained antiovipositional and adult inhibition activity up to 2.0% concentration and provided optimum oviposition deterrence (52.53%), adult inhibition (67.91%), lowest grain damage (42.90%) and weight loss (13.02%) compared to control. However, this extract could not show prominent toxicity at lower concentrations. A gradual decrease in its efficacy was observed with a decrease in its concentration. Methanolic extract of neem leaf provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (72.34%), adult inhibition (80.13%), lowest damage (26.53%) and weight loss (8.70%) of chickpea grains. The same extract provided 10.75, 14.58 and 5.49% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. Harmal seed extract showed maximum (48.28%) repellency against the pest. All the tested concentrations of neem leaf extract were effective against the pest. However, it provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.47%) and adult inhibition (68.41%) at 0.1% concentration. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly less damage (29.77%) and weight loss (9.69%) compared to control. While harmal seed extract could not retain repellency at lower concentrations and exhibited 47.03, 41.93, 34.73, 27.24 and 14.53% repellency at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5% concentrations respectively. Acetone extract of neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (84.11%), adult inhibition (99.40%), lowest damage (1.46%) and weight loss (0.75%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited significantly highest (67.88%) repellency against the pest. Topical application of panir and neem seed extracts caused 17.82 and 13.14% mortality of adult insects respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.2%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (53.99%), adult inhibition (54.06%), lowest damage (27.32%) and weight loss (9.23%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited optimum (51.25%) repellency at 1.0% concentration. Among hexane extracts of different plant materials, neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (93.34%), adult inhibition (98.36%) and repellency (77.43%) against the pest. The grains treated with this extract showed significantly lowest (11.64 and 0.20%) damage and weight loss respectively. Turmeric rhizome extract caused 16.88, 22.23 and 10.07% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.1%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.40%), adult inhibition (52.46%) and repellency (50.06%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly lowest damage (27.49%) and weight loss (9.80%) compared to control. On the basis of aforementioned results, it is concluded that neem seed powder, aqueous extract of bakain seed, methanolic extract of neem leaf, acetone extracts of neem and bakain seed, while hexane extract of neem seed were highly effective against the pest. These plant products can successfully be used in the management of pulse beetle (C. chinensis) during storage of chickpea grains.