بیوی کے نفقے کاقضیہ: شرعی اور عصری (پاکستانی) قوانین کے تناظر میں ایک علمی جائزہ

In Islamic point of view, the family is an institution that starts from the legal bond of marriage. The marriage is a contract that confirms the mutual rights of husband and wife. Including the other rights, one is the provision of maintenance to wife. The wife having leaving  her family and making a life time compromise to live with her husband reserves the right to be exempted from all kind of financial obligations. In Islamic family system, the husband is responsible both in legal and moral angles, to support his wife and provide the maintenance according to his financial status. Likewise, the wife has the right to demand the provision of maintenance from her husband. In time of none Provision, she can take this right through court. The wife reserves this right only if she is willing to live with her husband and does not disobey her husband’s reasonable orders. If it is so, then the stand for provision of maintenance shall be treated as invalid. In this paper, the matter of maintenance provision and its related problems have been discussed in contrast with the Pakistan family Laws which will provide a profound knowledge to the readers.

To Study the Anti-Ulcer Effect of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract and Isolated Compound of Neem Nimolicine Nc in Comparison With Ulcer Healing Drugs on Gastric Mucosa of Albino Rats.

The anti-ulcer effects of methanolic extract of neem leaf (NLE) and neem compound nimolicine (NC) have been studied and the effects were compared with the ulcer healing drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole on stomach of albino rats (Wistar strain). A total of 90 rats of both sex weighing 150-200 gms were used in the study. The rats were divided into six groups. Per oral administration of ethanol (100%) was used for ulcer induction. This group served as a check group. The control group was given Peanut oil 1 ml/day for the treatment of ulcer. The test groups received NLE 1ml/day (0.88 gm) p/o for 5 days and NC 1% (0.01 gm in 1 ml) p/o per day for 3 days. The healing was compared to the healing effects of p/o Ranitidine 50 mg/kg and Omeperazole (2.5mg/kg). The ulcer induction and healing effects both were confirmed by histopathology of the gastric tissues. The calculation of ulcer index and ulcer inhibition percentage was done. The gastric secretion of H mEq/100 Gms of rat was also calculated. The antioxidant activity of NLE and NC was also done. Finally the identification of NLE, NC, and drugs in tissue extracts were done by HPLC. The results were analysed by using a one way ANOVA by a SPSS version 18 computerized software programme. The P value (P<0.05) was considered significant. The results show that NLE is better than NC and the anti ulcer effect of NLE can be compared to the anti-ulcer drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole. The high antioxidant activity of NLE compared to NC may explain the mechanism of action of NLE whichxiv needs further explorations. The effects of NLE and NC on gastric secretion of H mEq/100 gms when compared with PNO and Ranitidine and Omeperazole were insignificant. However there was a significant difference on comparison of gastric secretion between PNO control and Ranitidine. Further studies are required to confirm the present study by conducting clinical trials. Anti ulcer treatment by NLE will be of financial benefit to the community in developing countries specially in Pakistan. In conclusion NLE has a better ulcer healing effect compared to NC. The effect of NLE can be compared to the ulcer healing drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole.