Health Care and Cleanliness in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The present study was conducted to probe the cleanliness in the tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar-Pakistan. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 600 sampled respondents admitted in three tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar i.e. Khyber Teaching hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex and Lady Reading Hospital through proportional allocation method. The patients were very critical about the healthcare and cleanliness in the above three major hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Bi-variate analysis was made and the results reveal that hospital has clean and hygienic environment (P=0.006), Medical OPD, s were clean and tidy (P=0.000), wards were clean and well maintained (P=0.000), Toilets were clean and well maintained (P=0.000). The study recommended that hospital administration should keep focus on cleanliness in washroom, clean water and clean food to the patients.

Assessment of Pollution Parameters in Water and Their Impact on Meat Quality of Rohu Labeo Rohita Inhabiting River Indus at Dg Khan, South Punjab, Pakistan

Heavy metals are natural components of geological structures with their productive role in agriculture, cement and plastic industry. This industrial progress is playing role in the emission of various pollutants in biological systems; hence their levels have been increased from minor to major in terms of pollution. This pollution has influence on the physicochemical features of water along with biological component by deterring the meat quality of fish. Fish is a readily available source of protein for the consumption of human beings. Heavy metals e.g. Nickle, cadmium, chromium, Manganese, lead, iron and zinc are fatal pollutants due to their bio accumulative nature in body tissues. This bioaccumulation of heavy metals leads to health illness of fish and its consumers. These pollutants can influence the normal hematological and serological parameters along with the induction of pathological changes in muscles. Hence, Fish can be used as a bio-indictor in the monitoring of metals pollution as they engaged various trophic levels in a food chain. This research was designed to investigate the heavy metal concentration in River Indus at Dera Ghazi Khan along with their histopathological impact on proximate quality of meat and blood profile of Labeo rohita. Sampling was performed from three different sites of River Indusduring the period from July 2017 to February 2018. These heavy metals in water and fish meat were determined e.g. Cr, Pb, Cu, Zinc, Mn, Iron, Pb, Ni and Cd by using Polarized Zeeman (Z-8230) atomic absorption spectrophotometer at Environmental Science Lab, UVAS Lahore. In water samples, macro minerals concentration as Ca, Mg, Na and K were also analyzed by using spectrophotometer along with various physico-chemical parameters of water like BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, DO, EC, Ph and temperature. In Rohu meat, mean metal concentration (mg/l), was found to be high at Manka Drain site (2) due to dumping of municipal, agricultural and brick kilns untreated waste, as following, Pb (4.6275?9.305), Cd (0.105?0.105), Mn (26.4325?1.357), Ni (0.87375?0.129), Cu (9.86875?1.255), Cr (6.3525?3.068), Zn (12.67625?1.995) and Fe (73.315?2.766). This study confirms that bio-accumulation of metals took place over time. The purpose of conductedresearch was to investigate the impact of heavy metal content of water on proximate composition ofLabeo rohitaand its blood profile from consumer?s health point of view. The research results predict alterations in muscle quality in terms of its intact structure via histopathological observations and protein content via proximate estimation. These results strongly recommend that the permanent evaluation of this aquatic ecosystem should be implemented at study area because; population is on increasing tendency due to which consumption of water with establishment of industries is flourishing at a rapid rate resulting in more effluent production. Furthermore, Installation of effluent treatment plants must be planned to properly dispose-off industrial and sewerage waste to avoid contamination of fresh water reservoir.