پرنس انجم قدر ؍ میجر علی حماد عباسی
آل انڈیا شیعہ کانفرنس کے صدر پرنس انجم قدر کی وفات ملک و ملت کا بڑا حادثہ ہے، سنیوں سے بھی ان کے روابط تھے، وہ دونوں فرقوں میں اتحاد و مفاہمت کے بڑے حامی تھے اور مشترکہ ملی مسائل کے حل کے لیے سنیوں کے ساتھ ہر جدوجہد میں شریک رہتے تھے۔ مسلم پرنسپل لابورڈ، مسلم مجلس مشاورت اور بابری مسجد تحریک سے ان کا گہرا تعلق تھا، دوسرا حادثہ میجر علی حماد عباسی کی اچانک وفات ہے۔ وہ شبلی کالج میں انگریزی کے استاد اور آخر میں پرنسپل ہوئے، پڑھنے لکھنے کا اچھا ذوق تھا اور مشرقی و مغربی ادب پر خاصی نظر تھی۔ وقتاً فوقتاً طنزیہ و مزاحیہ اور ادبی و تنقیدی مضامین لکھتے تھے جن کے بعض مجموعے چھپ گئے ہیں، طالب علمی کے زمانے ہی سے دارالمصنفین برابر آتے تھے جس کا سلسلہ آخر تک قائم رہا۔ پروفیسر مجیب الحسن کی کتاب کشمیر انڈر سلطانز کا اردو ترجمہ ’’کشمیر سلاطین کے عہد میں‘‘ کے نام سے کیا جو دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہوا۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، ستمبر ۱۹۹۷ء)
During the former era of the State of Bahawalpur the Nawabs were in perpetual conflict with their relatives. The Kehlwar family of Sindh and during the modern era remained under influence of the British. So we can say that the State of Bahawalpur remained under constant foreign influence and the Nawabs did not have chance to rule with liberty and ease. In spite of these facts, the government of the State had many Islamic qualities and there are clear effects of Fatwa on judicial system in both eras.
Drought effects plant internal functions as the constraint for production. Different strategies are using to mitigate it. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and cytokinins (CK) plays important role under water stress and help to enhance crop growth. Seed inoculation with PGPR is increase soil fertility. Growth hormones like cytokinins improve plant functions and actual yield through exogenous application. To determine the effect of PGPR and cytokinins on the growth and yield of wheat under drought, planned wire house and field experiment were arranged at the research area of Agronomy Department, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Four wire house experiments and three field experiments were set, to check PGPR and CK effecr wheat growth and yield under drought. First wire house experiment was the screening of best genotype of wheat variety in drought. 10 different wheat varieties (V1= Aas-2011, V2= Mairaj-2008, V3= Fareed-2006, V4= Punjab-2011, V5= Lasani-2008, V6= Faisalabad-2008, V7= Galaxy2013, V8= Millat-2011, V9= AARI-2011, V10= Uqaab-2000) were used for screening under water deficit stress at tillering, anthesis and grain filling stage to identify best genotype under drought stress under agro ecological conditions of Bahawalpur. Galaxy2013 was observed the highest yielding variety under drought stress among them. It was also noticed that drought stress damaged crop functions and growth. Second experiment was to identify the best PGPR strain. Azospirillum, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Moraxella were isolated from soil rhizosphere of Acacia nilotica under. A. brasilense Azo-1 was selected as a best PGPR strain among them. Next experiment was carried in both wire house and field entitled, “Cytokinins applied under drought stress to improve growth and physiological efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”. Seven treatments were used in experiment (To =Control, T1 =Drought at tillering, T2 =Drought at tillering + CKs Application, T3 =Drought at anthesis, T4 = Drought at anthesis + CKs Application, T5 = Drought at grain filling, T6 = Drought at grain filling + CKs Application). 5th experiment (wire house) was arranged to investigat the effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium pisi on agronomic traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and results showed that co-inoculation gives the best results. 6th experiment was carried under field condition entitled, “Use of Azospirillum brasilense as a drought management tool in wheat crop” and noticed that A. brasilense inoculated wheat plants under drought showed more yield as compared to un-inoculated treatments. 7th, 2 years experiment was arranged to investigate the combine effect of PGPR and CK under drought stress in wheat crop. 13 treatments were used (To=Control, T1=Drought at tillering, T2=Drought at tillering +PGPR, T3=Drought at tillering +CKs, T4 = Drought at tillering +PGPR+CKs, T5 = Drought at anthesis, T6=Drought at anthesis +PGPR, T7=Drought at anthesis +CKs, T8=Drought at anthesis +PGPR+CKs, T9 = Drought at grain filling, T10 = Drought at grain filling +PGPR, T11 = Drought at grain filling+ CKs, T12 = Drought at grain filling +PGPR+CKs) in this experiment having three replications. Combined application of PGPR and CK is more beneficial for alleviation of drought. 5.90%, 3.49%, 4.09% and 6%, 8.51%, 4.07% more grain yield was recorded during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively, by combine application of PGPR and CK under drought. Beneficial bacteria colonize the rhizosphere impart drought tolerance. CK participate in removing of ROS from the cell and increases antioxidant enzymes during drought stress so plant growth and yield improved under such condition.