اقبال بحثیت مفکر تعلیم
فریدالدین مسعود برہانی(ایڈووکیٹ)
حقیقت یہ ہے کہ حضرت علامہ کی شخصیت کئی حیثیتوں کا مجموعہ تھی۔ وہ بیک وقت شاعر بھی تھے، مفکربھی، معلم بھی اور فلسفی بھی۔اپنے دورِ طالبعلمی کے بہترین طالبعلم اور بطور استاد، بہترین استاد۔ ان کی شاعری میں استادانہ بصیرت کی جھلکیاں جابجا نظر آتی ہیں۔ یہ ایک کھلی ہوئی حقیقت ہے کہ قومی تعمیر کی خشتِ اول تعلیم ہی ہے۔ اگر یہ ٹیڑھی ہو تو قوم کے حالات درست اور مستقبل کا راست ہونا ناممکن ہو گا۔ آج قوم کی نشاۃِ ثانیہ کے موجودہ مرحلے پر اقبال کی یہ استادانہ بصیرت اس خشتِ اول کو سیدھا رکھنے والے معمار کا کام انجام دے گی۔ اقبال کے نزدیک وہی طالبعلم کامیاب ہے جو النفس وآفاق کا علم حاصل کرے۔ اس دنیا میں قابلِ فکر دو ہی چیزیں ہیں ایک تو ذہنِ انسانی ہے یعنی نفس اور دوسرے ذہن انسانی سے باہر جو کچھ ہے یعنی آفاق۔ کامیابی کی کنجی ان ہی دو کا علم ہے۔ علم النفس و علم الآفاق یہی دو بنیادی علوم ہیں۔ علم الآفاق کو آثارِ کائنات یا جدید اسطلاح میں سائنس قرار دے لیجیئے۔ دنیا کے تمام علوم انہی دو کے خسانے ہیں۔
اقبال سیکولر تعلیم کے مخالف
1933ء میں افغانستان اعلیٰ حضرت نادر شاہ نے ڈاکٹراقبال، سلیمان ندوی اور سر راس مسعود کو افغانستان کے نظامِ تعلیم اور افغانستان یونیورسٹی کے قیام کے سلسلہ میں مشورہ دینے کیلئے دورہ افغانستان کی دعوت دی اس دوراہ پر روانہ ہونے سے قبل 19 اکتوبر 1933 ء کو علامہ اقبال نے اخبار میں ایک بیان دیا جس میں انہوں نے کہا"شخصی طور پر میں یقین رکھتا ہوں ک تعلیم کو مکمل طور پر لا دینی (Secular)...
It is an admitted fact that Islam is “Universal Din” and a complete code of life. Its universality and conciseness is proved from Quran itself. Quran identifies the universality and surmounts it upon all over other Ady┐n and says, “And He sends his messenger along with righteousness and fait Din-e- ╓aq, so that surpass it upon other Dins, though it will be unpleasant for the polytheists”. The Holy verses shows and argues that Dine- Islam is a superior to all other Dins, it may be through love, arguments, conclusiveness or through state and governed on its completion Quran says, “Today I completed your “Din” for you along with all the blessings and liked Islam as a Din for you”. In a nutshell, the above two mentioned the Holy verses indicate clearly the universality and comprehensiveness, because the “Din” which will be superior and must be universal and precise. Islam is the only religion which is beneficial for all mankind in each and every aspect. Its universality is declared that it is a surety for mankind prosperity. Allah says in His Holy Book, “The Holy Quran” that do justice as it is more nearer to piousness. Allah has described “Justice twenty six times His Holy Book and it is also among one of His qualities. All these show the importance of justice.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes and effect in number of ways. Pakistan has long spells of drought which, experts believe, are a result of climate change. Citrus fruits are one of the largest fruit crops in the world. In Pakistan ample availability of natural resources provides the favorable regime for the development of citrus industry. Citrus problem faces several problems including biotic and abiotic stresses. Role of rootstocks in citrus is one of the most debatable and discussed issues and its selection is a major consideration under planning any citrus orchard. Present research was planned for genetic characterization and evaluation of modern rootstocks tolerant/resistant to selected abiotic stresses i.e., drought and high temperature. Experiments were conducted to screen out various modern citrus rootstocks including local commercial rootstocks (Rough lemon and Sour orange) against high temperature and water stress. Drought was induced based on field capacity of citrus rootstock relative to water requirement of citrus, high temperature stress was applied with relative to five years maximum temperature range. Four-month-old uniform seedlings were selected for the stress treatments. Gas exchange parameters were recorded at four different times. Horticultural parameters, plant water status and chlorophyll fluorescence at different wavelength was recorded of stresses. From overall results it was concluded that Brazilian sour orange and Keen sour orange showed tolerance against selected stresses and Savage citrange and Yuma citrange were susceptible against the stresses. For the confirmation of tolerance, expression of stress related genes was tested. Proper detailed bioinformatic analysis were performed for the selection of primer related to heat shock protein and major intrinsic proteins. One tolerant (Brazilian sour orange) and one susceptible (Savage citrange) was selected for the genetic expression analysis against the heat shock proteins (CsHsp70, CsHsp70.1 and CsHsp90) and major intrinsic proteins (CsPIP2, CsTIP2 and CsTIP1). Genetic expression of genes showed Brazilian sour orange with high expression level of Hsp70 and Hsp90 against the temperature stress. MIP such as P1P and T1P depicted high expression against the water stress and both Hsp and MIP expression under combined drought and temperature stress. It can be concluded from the study that Brazilian sour orange was tolerant against high temperature and water stress, but Savage orange was susceptible.