سیٹھ جمال محمد
دوسرا قومی حادثہ مدراس کے مشہور اور مخیر سیٹھ جمال محمد کی وفات ہے مسلمانوں میں صاحبِ ثروت تاجروں کی کمی نہیں لیکن مرحوم کے اوصاف و خصوصیات کی مثال مشکل سے ملے گی، دولتِ دنیا کے ساتھ اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان کو دینداری کی دولت بھی عطا فرمائی تھی، اور ان کا دل ملک و ملت کی محبت سے بھی معمور تھا، انہوں نے بڑی دولت پیدا کی اور اسی فیاضی سے اس کو قوم و ملک کی راہ میں صرف کیا، ہندوستان میں مسلمانوں کی کوئی ایسی تحریک نہیں تھی جس میں ان کی امداد شامل نہ رہی ہو، مذہبی اور تعلیمی کاموں سے خصوصیت کے ساتھ بڑی دلچسپی تھی، ندوۃ العلماء لکھنو، دارالعلوم دیوبند، مدرستہ العلوم علی گڑھ، مسلم یونیورسٹی آل انڈیا مسلم ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس، جامعہ ملیہ اور اس قسم کے تمام دوسرے اداروں کے وہ معاون و مددگار تھے، شہر مدراس اور اس کے مضافات میں کئی عربی مدرسے اپنے صرف سے چلاتے تھے، مدراس میں انگریزی خواں مسلمان طالب علموں کے لیے ایک ہوسٹل بنوایا جس میں ان کی مذہبی تعلیم و تربیت کا بھی انتظام تھا، سیکڑوں غریب طالب علموں کو وظائف دیتے تھے، حضرۃ الاستاد مدظلہ کے خطبات مدراس، محمد مارماڈیوک پکتھال اور سراقبال مرحوم کے انگریزی خطبات بھی مرحوم ہی کے جذبہ دینی کی یادگار ہیں۔
مرحوم کو سیاسی کاموں سے بھی دلچسپی تھی، تحریک خلافت میں ان کا بڑاحصہ تھا، اس میں انہوں نے ایک لاکھ کا عطیہ دیا تھا، ایک زمانہ تک کانگریس کے بھی سرگرم رکن رہے ،لیکن پھر سیاست سے الگ ہوگئے تھے، اپنی زندگی میں انہوں نے لاکھوں روپیے دین و ملت کی راہ میں خرچ کئے، مدراس میں ان کا دولت کدہ اہل حاجت کا ملجا و مادیٰ تھا، لیکن اس دولت و ثروت کے ساتھ خود ان کی زندگی...
Man is curious. Today he is stepping forward to explore the world and space, but still he is trying to know the answer to the question that how he was made? Qur’an the last holy book of Allah, which provides complete guidance in every walk of life, can give better answer to this question. Besides this many theories were presented by the scientists called evolution theories. One of these theories is “Theory of natural selection” presented by Charles Darwin in 1859 A.D. This theory got a lot of reputation. Qur’anic teachings say that the first human being Hazrat Adam (علیہ السلام) was created by Allah as a complete Man. But this theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (means there was no Adam on earth as the Father of humanity, which is contrary to Islam). Darwin theory, a non-Islamic theory about the creation of humanity has a great impact over the various thinkers of subcontinent. This research article attempts to answer the questions that what are the Qur’anic teachings about the creation of humanity on earth? And what are the different evolution theories and their effects on the various thinkers of subcontinent?
This dissertation explains the contribution made by the Muslim landed elites to the separatist politics in the colonial Punjab. It aims at presenting the narrative of the origin and development of Muslim nationalist consciousness as a result of Muslim landed elites’ conflict with the classes of moneylenders and professional urban middle classes. The research focuses on studying the phenomenon of Muslim separatism in the Punjab from the standpoint of Marxian notion of class conflict as most of the studies on Muslim nationalism are based on essentialist interpretation of this phenomenon. This study views the emergence of consciousness of Muslims as a distinct cultural community in interrelationship between class interests of Muslim landed aristocracy and imperial institutions. The Muslim landed gentry was nurtured and patronized by the British colonial state. The post-annexation Punjab witnessed tremendous modernization of infrastructure of roads or railways and agricultural colonization. The pastoral-agrarian Punjab thus became integrated into world capitalist market with the export of its surplus wheat, cotton and oilseeds. The agricultural production was revolutionized by technological innovation and as a consequence, social organization in rural and urban areas was developed in accordance with imperial interests. When the British introduced institutions like District Boards, Municipal Committees and Legislative Council to have representation of rural and urban elites; the landed and mercantile classes pursued conflicting interests. The Muslim landed classes championed the cause of Muslim communal interests in the Punjab to shield their economic and political position against the growing mercantile classes. They entrenched themselves in the imperial political institution by securing their nominations which solidified communal identity. The Punjab National Unionist Party was established by Punjab landed notables in 1923 and it played a remarkable role in the construction of Muslim identity and also served as counterweight to nationalist ideology of the Congress. The development of Muslim communal consciousness showed the imprint of pastoral-agrarian society in the Punjab. The constitutional communalism employed by Unionist Party eventually paved the way for the victory of All India Muslim League in its struggle for separate homeland. When All India Muslim iv League entered the Punjab with its separatist ideology in 1940, the scions of landed gentry jumped on to its bandwagon as they perceptively observed the signs of the crumbling of the Raj in the wake of World War II. They organized the Punjab Muslim League and provided it with the funds necessary for propagating the message of separate homeland. The process of communal consciousness which began with the constitutional communalism of the Punjab Nationalist Unionist Party. This dissertation argues that Muslim nationalist consciousness did not appear suddenly and abruptly after the Lahore Resolution of 1940. The dissertation seeks to give an alternative narrative to the prevailing interpretation that it was Muslim League under the leadership of MA Jinnah which brought Muslim nationalist consciousness to the Punjab.