احقرؔ بہاری مرحوم
(معین الدین اور دائی)
بہار کی سرزمین جس قدر مردم خیز ہے، اسی قدر مردم خوار بھی ہے، خدا جانے کیا بات ہے کہ وہاں کے لوگوں کو شہرت طلبی سے شرم آتی ہے، اہل وطن بھی قدرشناسی نہیں کرتے، اس لئے یہاں کے اچھے اچھے جوہر قابل بلبلہ کی طرح ابھرتے اور دب جاتے ہیں، اگر بہار کے کچھ لوگوں کے نام زندہ ہیں تو یہ وہی ہیں جن کا آوازۂ کمال دوسرے صوبوں تک پہنچا اور وہاں کے لوگوں نے قدرشناسی کرکے ان کو شہرت بخشی، بہار کے ان گمنام اہل کمال میں ایک احقر بہاری مرحوم ہیں، یہ بہار کے ایک پرانے کہنہ مشق استاد سخن تھے، شعر و شاعری کے بڑے بڑے معرکے طے کئے تھے، پچاس ساٹھ برس کے ریاض میں دیوان یادگار چھوڑا ذیل کے صفحات میں ناظرین کو اسی گمنام صاحب کمال سے روشناس کرنا ہے۔
مختصر حالات: بشارت حسین نام، احقر تخلص، ضلع عظیم آباد پٹنہ کے ایک گاؤں بڑا ڈیہہ میں پیدا ہوئے، سال ولادت ۱۲۷۶ھ ہے، ان کے والد ماجد شیخ اکبر حسین اس قریہ کے ایک ممتاز متمول اور ذی عزت رئیس تھے، وہ وہیں پیدا ہوئے اور اپنی تمام زندگی وہیں گزار دی۔
احقر مرحوم کی ابتدائی تعلیم اسی گاؤں ہی میں ہوئی، فارسی اور عربی کی ابتدائی کتابیں وہاں پڑھا کر ان کے والد نے تعلیم کی غرض سے ۱۲۸۸ھ میں ان کو پٹنہ بھیجا، مولوی خدابخش صاحب جو اس وقت کے ایک لائق عالم تھے، ان کی تعلیم کے لئے مقرر کئے گئے، کچھ عرصہ ان کے زیر تعلیم رہنے کے بعد وہ بہار چلے آئے اور یہیں متعدد علماء کے زیر سایہ علم کی خوشہ چینی کرتے رہے، باایں ہمہ ان میں عربی کی کوئی ایسی اچھی لیاقت نہ تھی، لیکن فارسی اچھی جانتے تھے۔
۱۲۹۵ھ میں ان نکاح...
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a dengue virus infection which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. To prevent the occurrence of dengue cases, it is necessary to eradicate mosquito nests. The market is one of the public places that has a risk of dengue transmission. This study aims to determine the density description of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes and actions of cleaning managers, traders and visitors to Pasar Daya Makassar City. This type of research is descriptive observational. The research samples were cleaning managers, traders and visitors as well as containers at Pasar Daya and at the respondent's house. Sampling for respondents using purposive sampling method using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the number of containers positive for ae. Aegypti larvae in the Daya market was 34 containers with a container index value (CI) = 35.4% and the value of Density Figure (DF) 8 and the presence of Ae. Aegypti larvae in the respondent's house (positive) amounting to (51.4%). At the level of knowledge of respondents in the poor category (68.6%), while the attitudes and actions of respondents in the poor category showed a high enough percentage, namely 65.7%, and (68.6%). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the density of Aedes aegypti larvae in Pasar Daya Makassar City is in the high category.
The basic drive behind this research, is the everyday problems of lawlessness faced by people of Pakistan on roads, in markets and offices and virtually all around them. The behavior of people towards discipline and compliance is distressingly indifferent. The indifference is shared equally by the so-called literates and illiterates. In more civilized societies, law-literacy is interwoven into literacy that makes people aware of the rules of conduct and requires them to own and internalize these rules. Compliance becomes the spontaneous response of these people and a strong culture of lawfulness results. The research, initially, aims at qualitatively determining the reasons why literacy is producing different results in Pakistan as compared with England and Norway. It is observed that in Pakistan, academic literacy is assumed to be meant for careers and not for social and cultural training. The result is that social side of learning remains cosmetic and lacks internalization according to the spirit of norms and law. A weak culture of lawfulness is the outcome. The research further postulates that a weak culture of lawfulness occupies a lower position on the scale of rule of law. On the other hand, global data shows that countries better on the scale of rule of law are better in terms of peace in society. It points out a causal relationship between law literacy, culture of lawfulness, rule of law and peace. To find out relationship between all four factors the research invites quantitative analysis that determines a significant causal relationship among law literacy, culture of lawfulness, rule of law and peace. Presumably, a wellplanned community law literacy program by utilizing all three channels of literacy i.e. formal, non-formal and informal could positively steer culture of lawfulness, rule of law, and peace. By utilizing the findings of this rigorous research comprising qualitative and quantitative analyses, an executable community law literacy model is proposed for Pakistan to enable people to internalize culture of lawfulness wherefrom rule of law and peace would causally sprout. Application of social marketing theory is recommended for short term results and for long term change of mindset, DewyFreirean fused method of teaching is suggested to be utilized to fully implement the proposed model.