تبصرے
"تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ"ایک مطالعہ
شاکر کنڈان ( سرگودھا)
دریائے چناب جوچن اور آب کا مرکب ہے ۔نیز چندرا اور بھاگا دو دریاؤں کے ملنے سے وجود میں آیا ،ایک طرف تو (چن اور آب )حسن و خوب صورتی کا استعارا ہے تو دوسری طرف(چندرا بھاگا) معنوی لحاظ سے چاند کی قسمت لیے ہوئے ہے۔ اسی لئے اسے دریائے حسن و عشق کے نام سے بھی تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے اور سب جانتے ہیں کہ حسن اور عشق لازم و ملزوم ہیں ۔ یعنی جہاں حسن ہوتا ہے وہاں عشق ہوتا ہے ۔حسن میں جمالیات اور عشق میں جمالیاتی حظ اور ذوق ہوتا ہے ۔یہ حظ اور ذوق تخلیق کا باعث بنتے ہیں ۔شاعری اور ادب چوں کہ تخلیقی عمل ہے ،لہٰذا اس سارے سلسلے کو ایک دوسرے سے جدا نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ جہاں دریائے چناب کا تعلق ہے تو اسے دانشورانِ عصر نے بہت سوچ سمجھ کر دریائے حسن و عشق کا نام دیا ہے ۔کیوں کہ اس کے کناروں پر آباد بستیوں میں بسنے والوں کو خالقِ کائنات نے حسنِ وافر عنایت فرمایا ہے جس نے عشق کی بنیاد رکھی۔یہی حسنِ وافراور عشق ادب کی تخلیق کا باعث ٹھہرا ہے ۔ سیالکوٹ بھی دریائے چناب کے کنارے ایک ایسی ہی بستی ہے جہاں دیگر شعبہ ہائے زندگی کے ساتھ ساتھ عکسِ زندگی اور نقدِ زندگی کی بھی فراوانی ہے۔اس دھرتی پر زندگی کا عکس پیش کرنے اور زندگی کو اپنی تنقیدی صلاحیتوں سے نکھارنے والی ایسی ایسی شخصیات نے جنم لیا جو قومی اور بین الاقوامی سطح پر اس دھرتی کی پہچان بنیں ۔ان معتبر شخصیات میں سے بہت سا ذکر آپ کو ‘‘تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ’’ میں پڑھنے کو ملے گا لیکن تحقیق میں چوں کہ حرفِ آخر نہیں ہوتا اس لئے اس تحقیق میں بھی کئی نام ایسے رہ گئے ہیں جن کا ادبی...
In the present age, youth occupy an important position and can play a very important role in reforming and improving the world conditions. In Quran several methods are suggested for character building of youth for example following “Uswa-e-Hasna” and by preaching and motivation of youth the fear Allah, the crated in their heard for reforming them. In some cases, the punishment can also reformed of youth. Youth is an important entity of any human society. Particularly in an Islamic society, youth has great significance. Youth is considered as a junction of past, present and future. The role of young generation cannot be neglected in the building of character, changes in circumstances and development of society. Youth should play a positive and effective role against various evils, which are prevalent in human society. What can be the religious social, political, ethical and educational duties of the Muslim? How can they play their role in reformation of society? How can they be bright stars of their country by fulfilling their duties? How can the whole humanity and particularly Islamic Ummah get benefits from their youth? The answers to these questions are central idea and theme of this article, generally in the light of Islam and particularly in the light of seerah-un-nabwiyia. In following lines, it has been tried to impart feelings of high self-esteem in the young generation who have forgotten it. It is an effort to motivate the youth for practical actions.
The obnoxious bitter taste and low aqueous solubility is the major issue for paediatric oral suspension. Most of the infants and children cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the drug and vomit out which leads to suboptimal therapeutic value. It is the most challenging task for the scientists to mask and fabricate a palatable oral formulation during preformulation stage. In this study a taste masked dry suspension of Azithromycin (AZ) and clarithromycin (CL) were prepared by using two different approaches i-e physisorption and microsphere techneques. In both techneques a fixed amount of drugs were treated with varied ratios of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) and Eudragit L100 (EUD) were physically mixed to get the optimized taste masked nanohybrid and microspheres followed langmuir adsorption isotherm and microsphere by solvent evaporation method. The morphology and particle size of the starting materials including TNP (70-200nm ±10.0nm), azithromycin (5±5.0μm), clarithromycin (8.5±5.0μm), nanohybrids of AZ and CL(10±5.0μm) and microspheres of azithromycin and clarithromycin (80±5μm) were confirmed by using scanning electron microscopy and zeta sizer. The crystallinity and the physical state of both processed and unprocessed drugs were confirmed by P-XRD (powder X-ray diffraction) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The unprocessed drugs showed endotherms peaks that represent their melting point while the processed drugs after physical mixture with that of TNP or EUD showed its endotherm to lower scale of melting point due to the physical mixture. The crystallinity and physical state was also cross confirmed by comparing the P-XRD peak intensities, no change was observed in the XRD pattern except low peak intensities which confirmed physical interaction of both drug and polymer. The FTIR (Fourier transformed Infrared) spectra of unprocessed and optimized drugs (AZN, AZM, CLN and CLM) were investigate for any possible interactions. It was observed from the spectrum that the drug(s) and excipient were physical mixture as no distinct peaks were matched. The adsorption equilibrium study confirmed that least quantity of TNP (10mg & 8.64mg) was adsorbed onto the surface of AZ and CL respectively, which surround a layer around the drug molecule and inhibit the release of bitter drug in mouth cavity. The adsorption was also confirmed from SEM micrograph in which a white sheet of TNP was seen on the surface of AZ and CL. It was noticed and confirmed that four times greater quantity of Eudragit L 100 polymer (EUD) were consumed for the fabrication of taste masked optimized microsphere of CL and AZ, In contrast the TNP used for taste masking of AZ and CL was negligible. Furthermore It was also evident from the langmuir adsorption isotherm that TNP showed high adsorption equilibrium in azithromycin when compared to clarithromycin. The taste masking and palatability of produced nanohybrids and microspheres were evalated by sequential test followed by panel testing using human volunteer. The azithromycin and clarithromycin nanohybrids batche (AZN-7, CLN-6) and its formulations batches (AZN- F6 & CLN-F3) as well as microspheres batches (AZM-4, CLM-4 and AZM-F4, CLM-F3) were approved and declared the most palatable, taste masked optimized nanohybrids, microspheres and its formulations. The In-Vitro dissolution study was conducted for unprocessed selected drug, optimized formulation containing optimized nanohybrids and microspheres. The marketed drug was used as a standard for comparitive dissolution study. The dissolution study were performed at both saliva (6.8) and intestinal pH (7.4) medim. Both optimized formulation showed negligible or retarded release in 20 minutes (< 10%) at saliva pH whereas more than 95% dissolution was acheived with in 30 minutes at intestinal pH (7.4). It was concluded that TNP have the capability of masking the bitter taste by inhibiting the release of bitter drug compounds The stability study for optimized formulations of AZ and CL was conducted for both reconstituted and dry sample, stored at 2-8°C and 40°C respectively. All the stability tests including active content (97%), flow property, pH, re-dispersion and viscosity showed no signaficant change through out its shelf life. In addition acute and subacute oral toxicity was conducted for optimized formulations containing nanohyrids (AZN-F6 & CLN-F3). The results showed no mortality, toxicity or not adversely affected any vital organ during or after taking dose so the formulation was declared safe. In summary the extreme bitter taste of azithromycin and clarithromycin in dry suspension dosage form was effectively masked by new and novel approach of physisorption by selecting (TNP) which is biocompatable having high margin of safety and compared the results with that taste masked formulations of both drug crafted with microsphere techneques using (EUD). The results showed that the bitter taste was completely masked by using several fold lesser quantity with out affecteing its stability and bioavailility when compared with the results of formulations prepared by microsphere techneque using EUD polymer which was used four times of the drug quanity.