رام لعل نابھوی
قارئین معارف اور اردو کے شیدائیوں کو جناب رام لعل نابھوی کے انتقال کی خبر سن کر بڑا دکھ ہوگا، وہ ہندوؤں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو اردو کو اپنی زبان اور مسلمانوں سے زیادہ اس پر اپنا حق سمجھتی تھی، وہ کہتے تھے کہ نہ زبان کا کوئی مذہب ہے اور نہ اس پر کسی قوم اور گروہ کی اجارہ داری ہے۔
پروانہ چراغِ دیر و حرم نہ داند
رام لعل صاحب بڑے زود نویس تھے مگر ان کا قلم پختہ اور منجھا ہوا تھا اور وہ موزوں طبع بھی تھے خاکہ و مزاح نگاری میں ان کو زیادہ کمال حاصل تھا لیکن ان کا اصل میدان تلاش و تحقیق تھا، پچھلے کئی برسوں سے معارف میں ان کے مضامین برابر شایع ہورہے تھے، اپنی اس کدو کاوش سے وہ یہ بتانا چاہتے تھے کہ ہندوؤں کے پُرکھوں نے اردو ہی نہیں فارسی اور عربی کی بھی مفید خدمت انجام دی ہے اور مسلمانوں کے بزرگوں کی خدمات برج بھاشا اور سنسکرت میں کم نہیں ہیں۔
ہندو مذہب میں راسخ العقیدگی کے باوجود وہ مسلمانوں سے بغض و نفرت نہیں کرتے تھے، دوسرے شریف ہندوؤں کی طرح انہیں بھی بابری مسجد مسمار کیے جانے پر بڑا دکھ تھا مگر وہ کہتے تھے کہ بعض مسلمانوں نے بھی مندر توڑے ہیں اس لیے ان واقعات کو بار بار دہرانے سے زخم ہرا ہوگا۔
دل میں درد مندی، طبیعت میں شرافت، مروت اور انکسار تھا، ایک بار لکھنؤ میں ملاقات ہوئی تو ان کی ان خوبیوں اور علم و ادب سے شغف و انہماک کا اندازہ ہوا، مجھے لے کر کئی کتب خانوں اور کتابوں کی دوکانوں پر گئے اور جلدی جلدی کچھ نوٹ تیار کیا، اس پر متاسف تھے کہ وقت کی تنگی کی وجہ سے میرے ساتھ ندوہ...
Based on the 2013 curriculum 2016’s revision, there are subject materials that demand about local content in English subjects at the level of SMP Class VII. Teachers need many researches and practices integrating and implementating these subjects. Basically, it needs to be done in-depth study in the form of content analysis. This research was conducted on content and learning English in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi. This study aims to find out 1) how many percentage of local content in English lesson material Class VII SMP in the curriculum 2013 revision 2016; 2) how to integrate local content in English subject matter in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi; 3) how the implementation of material with local content in English learning in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi, and; 4) how to integrate local content in effective and efficient English lessons in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach with the method of collecting document studies, interviews, and observation. The research results are 1) the proportion of local content that can be integrated into English language learning material SMP is 95%; 2) the integrity of local content in English learning materials in SMP Negeri 5 Sigi can be found in the lesson plan; 3) implementation of materials with local content in English learning attached to KTSP, Syllabus, lesson plan and learning resources enrichment book.
Next Generation Mixed Matrix Membranes for CO2 Separations aimed at Energy & Environmental Issues The gas separation process is mainly governed by membrane technology in different industries. Currently, gas separations acquire a membrane market of over four hundred million dollars per year which comprise 24% of the overall membrane market. The components of feed mixture can be efficiently separated via membranes, which exhibit promising potential, based on size, shape and physiochemical properties of the components. Generally, inorganic membranes (e.g. alumina, zeolite, carbon etc.) exhibit high separation efficiency and can withstand under high thermal and chemical exposure than polymeric membranes. However, their commercial application is limited due to some disadvantages such as their brittleness, difficult processing and high cost. In past decades, polymeric membranes have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising intrinsic advantages of efficient removal of unwanted gases from feed stream economically. Gas separation membranes are efficiently used for natural gas treatment, hydrogen recovery, and oxygen and nitrogen recovery from air. The aim of this research work was to fabricate promising mixed matrix membranes with superior CO2 selectivities and high permeabilities at high temperatures and pressures. In chapter 2 of this thesis, MMMs were synthesized comprising of F-SPEEK polymer and zeolite 4A as filler. Gas separation studies for both pure and mixed gases were examined and results revealed the considerable increase in permeability and selectivity at higher filler loadings. Moreover, the combined effect of sulfonic and fluorine groups in the polymer matrix significantly improved molecular sieving effect, fixed pores and high free volume which resulted in enhanced gas separation performance. The increasing permselectivity of F-SPEEK/4A MMMs proved to be an effective material for CO2 sequestration. Chapter 3 deals with Bio-MOF-11 based PSf MMMs for CO2 separation. BioMOFs are the sub-class of MOFs which have Lewis basic sites in their structures. BioMOF-11 consists of nitrogenous base adenine with five nitrogen in the ring which has a strong affinity towards CO2 gas molecules. The gas separation results showed outstanding. CO2 permeabilities (upto 210%) and selectivities (upto 100%) at higher MOF loadings as compared to pure polymer. These performances were attributed to the cobalt-adeninateacetate paddle wheel clusters. Chapter 4 focusses on the investigation of highly stable zirconium based MOF UiO66. MOF particles first functionalized with the sulfonic group which was grafted by the silane coupling agent MPTMS. Sulfonic group imparted high separation properties to the UiO-66 MOF. PSf was used as a polymer matrix and MMMs were synthesized of nonfunctionalized and functionalized UiO-66 and their results were compared. The ideal and mixed gas performance of the synthesized MMMs was investigated by DSC, SEM and results from density and FFV measurements that proved good MOF‐polymer adhesion. Moreover, the MMMs exhibited high CO2 permeabilities and selectivities and proved this material promising for the CO2 separation. PIM-1 and Cu-MOF based MMMs were studied in chapter 5 of this thesis. PIM-1 is well-known for its high rigid backbone structure, interconnected voids and high free volume, high permeabilities ranging from several hundred to thousands (3000-8000 barrer) and comparable selectivities. Cu-MOF consists of a paddle wheel structure which on incorporation with PIM-1 results in high stability and superior gas separation performance.