نظرات في تعامل الإمام الطبراني مع التفرد في الحديث من خلال كتابه المعجم الأوسط

The essence of the Hadith of the Holy Prophet (S. AW) is its fame. When there is Tafarud in a Hadith, the scholars scrutinize it with great concern to detect whether Tafarud is incidental or the Ravi has committed some mistake. The status of the Hadith is established on the basis of Tafarud. There is no specific rule or formula for it, rather every Tafarud is decided permanently on the basis of circumstances. In this paper I have mentioned Imam Tabrani way of Tafarud. I have explained different forms of Tafarud in his book Al Mujam-ul- Awsat. I have also explained with example that Tafarud is accepted sometimes wile rejected at others.

Rise of Religious Extremism After the End of Cold War and its Impacts on Pashtun Nationalism: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1991-2013

This study explore the impacts of religious extremism on Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this thesis, the scholar understand that there is dearth of literature on religious extremism and its Impacts on the Pashtun community. Furthermore, the scholar suggests that the literature on the conflict of religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces in Pakistan in generally and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa particularly amidst heavy debates on the conflicts among the two groups. The scholar oppose that the conflict between religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces directly impacted the Pashtun identity and culture in various fields. For the case of Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the scholar contended that since Afghan war till today the support of religious extremist and militants badly hurt the „Pashtunwali Code‟. Though, the cultural identity and Pashtunwali were not ended, but seriously suppressed from the last four decades. The forcefully injected ideology of religious extremism was not accepted to the Pashtun community and they show strong resistance from time to time against these heinous and self-made ideas and thinking. Thus, the scholar refute either of the two contesting arguments in the literature, one arguing that the impact of religious extremism on Pashtun identity results in softening or hardening of Pashtun culture and identity, while the other argues for no impacts on Pashtun identity. The scholar argue that such different and multiple impacts can also be witnessed on different aspects of Pakistani national identity where national identity is neither lost nor reaffirmed. In this context, the scholar suggest that Islam (religion) is a religion of peace and humanity but why it became a source of destruction for Pashtun nationalism. Moreover, on one side the Pashtun sacrifices their live for peace, stability and interest of the state, on other hand the state is not ready to hug Pashtun community. The establishment of Pakistan with alliance of other countries imported war on Pashtun populated areas for the last forty years, but still they are deprived of their basic necessities and fundamental rights. The extremist and nationalist forces remained always in conflict to each other due to their different of opinion. The scholar argued and mentioned all the causes for promotion of extremist elements and for decline of Pashtun nationalism. The Pashtun nationalism emerged with heavy force after 2015. People started resistance against the extremist forces as well showed serious grievances over the establishment support to these elements. Methodologically, the study is based on ethnographic field work, consisting more than 20 expert and in depth open-ended, semi structured interviews from experts.