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Performance Improvement of Error Correction Tools for Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

Thesis Info

Author

Atif Mehmood

Program

MS

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xi, 90 . : ill. (col.) ; 30 cm. +CD

Language

English

Other

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Computer Science; Thesis (MS)--Riphah International University, 2017; English; Call No: ATI 005.717

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-17 21:08:06

ARI ID

1676711711158

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المبحث السادس: بروين شاکر وفکرتها عن العشق

المبحث السادس: بروين شاکر وفکرتها عن العشق

 یوجد في أشعار بروین شاکر تجربۃ ذاتیۃ لحبھا وعشقھا، فقد کتبت بعض القصائد من تجربتھا الخاصۃ وحبھا القدیم ولکن کان لھا القدرۃ في أن تبقی السر سراً وکانت طریقۃ بیانھا مھذّبة لا تفشي أسرار حُبّھا۔

 فقد کتبت بروین قادر آغا[1] عن بدایۃ حب الشاعرۃ وعشقھا الأول۔ قد أعجبت الشاعرۃ بشاب، وکان موظفًا حکوميًا فشارکتہ في أحلامھا وآمالھا، ولکن ذلک لم یکن رغبۃ الشاب فھو کان لا یُرید الزواج منھا لأنہ کان یختلف عنھا في النسب والحسب وکان یختلف عنھا في الفرقہ الدینیۃ، بأنہ کان من أھل السّنہ والشاعرۃ کانت من أھل الشیعۃ۔ فرفض ذلک الشاب الزواج، فکان ھذا أمرٌ صعبٌ للشاعرۃ لأنھا کانت تحب ذلک الشاب، ولکن بعد فترۃ أحسّ الشاب بالندم علی ما فعل مع الشاعرۃ فرجع لھا وأراد الزواج منھا، فأحست الشاعرۃ بالفرح ولکن والدیھا لم یرضوا بذلک الشاب والزواج منہ، فأحست الشاعرۃ بالحزن مرۃً أخری وتقطّع قلبھا من الألم والیأس، وعاشت أحزانھا معھا إلی أن تکوّن عندھا قابلیۃ علی إظھار مشاعرھا وأحزانھا۔ وکتبت الشاعرۃ الکثیر من أشعارھا توضح وحدتھا وألمھا۔

 ثم جاء لھا خاطب آخر، فوافق والداھا علی زواجھا فتزوجت الشاعرۃ من نصیر علي وأنجبت منہ إبناً أسمّتہ (مراد) وعندما تزوجت الشاعرۃ أحست بالفرح ولذۃ العشق في أول أیام زواجھا، ولکن بعد مدۃ من الزمن حصلت خلافات بین بروین شاکر وزوجھا وحصل البعد بین الزوجین، فأحست الشاعرۃ بالیأس والحزن والوحدۃ وفراق الزوج فقامت الشاعرۃ بإظھار مشاعرھا وآلامھا وأحزانھا في قصائدھا بشكل صريح ۔

 

 



[1] بروین قادر آغا عمۃ الشاعرۃ تعیش في إسلام آباد، وھي أیضاً شاعرۃ رائعۃ۔

The Region of Punjab: A Sufi Perspective With Particular Focus on Chishtiya Sufism

Medieval Punjab was amongst the first regions of South Asia to encounter the substantial impact of early Sufi mystics. This article aims to investigate the history of the Punjab from a Sufi perspective with particular focus on Chishtiya Sufism and its generous role in diverting the local community center of attention. For that, the prominent Chishti Sufi Dargahs of Baba Farid Ganj Shaker in Pakpattan is selected. The study tries to investigate Dargahs’ impact on the socio-cultural and religious set up of the Medieval Punjab. How did it influence another important religion of the region i.e. Sikh belief, paper tried to highlight this impact as well.

Effect of Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil by Industrial/ Domestic Effluents on Size and Activity of Soil Microbial Biomass

Experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effect of effluent irrigation on heavy metals accumulation in soil and soil microbial properties. The study comprised of three parts, In the first experiment twenty five soil samples each at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were collected from Islamabad, Adiala, Taxilla and Wah factory areas and analyzed for physiochemical properties, AB-DTPA extractable and total heavy metals and microbial parameters like soil microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, soil respiration and activities of enzymes such as dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Effluent samples from these areas were also collected and analyzed for heavy metals contents and other water quality parameters. The results of effluent analysis revealed that EC, total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Fe were above permissible limits while Zn and Pb were within the permissible range. In soil samples, AB-DTPA extractable Fe, Cu and total Cu contents were markedly higher than the critical limits at all the sites. AB-DTPA extractable and total Pb contents were within permissible limits. AB-DTPA extractable Zn was high at 24 sites whereas total Zn was higher than the critical limits at two sites only. Soil pH, organic C, CEC, clay and CaCO 3 contents showed negative but weak correlations with the AB-DTPA extractable metals in soil at both soil depths, while the soil EC had positive. There were negative correlations of total and AB-DTPA extractable heavy metals in soils with soil microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N and the activities of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, but a positive relationship with soil respiration. Total toxic heavy metals had shown strong correlations with microbial activity parameters. Inthe second experiment, a laboratory incubation experiment was carried out in order to evaluate decomposition pattern of different organic amendments like pea straw and maize straw in soils with variable metal contents, designated as low-, medium- and high- metal soils. Each soil (600 g oven dry equivalent) was incubated at 25 o C and 50 % water holding capacity for 56 days with the following treatments: 1) Control, 2) pea straw 1 %, 3) maize straw 1 %, with four replications. Soil samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after incubation for the measurement of microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and N mineralization. Soil respiration was measured 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after incubation and thereafter weekly. Results showed a significant decrease in microbial biomass C, biomass N and N mineralization with increasing metal load in soil. Soil respiration rate was in the order: high metal soil > medium metal soil > low metals soil. Significant increases in microbial biomass C, biomass N, NO 3 -N, NH 4 -N and enzymes activities (Dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) were noted with the addition of organic amendment (pea and maize straw) as compared to control in all three soils but the magnitude of increase was maximum in low metal treatment. In the third part of study, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to elucidate the effects of organic amendments on soil microbial parameters, heavy metals bioavailability and the growth of maize plants in two soils with variable metal contents. The treatments applied were 1) control, 2) pea straw 1 %, and 3) maize straw 1 % with 4 replications. Soil samples were collected at the time of pot filling and at sowing, 14, 28 & 56 days after sowing (DAS) of maize and analyzed for soil microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, NO 3 -N and NH 4 -N. Plant samples were harvested at 56 DAS and data regardingplant height, fresh & dry weight were recorded. Soil and plant samples at harvest were also analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and heavy metals contents. Microbial parameters were markedly lower in high metal than in low metal soils. Organic amendments significantly increased all microbial parameters, soil NO 3 -N and NH 4 -N in both the soils. Plant growth in low metal soil was significantly higher than the high metal soil. A significant increase in microbial parameters was noticed with pea straw addition as compared to maize straw and control treatments. Addition of pea straw and maize straw significantly reduced AB -DTPA extractable (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr & Ni) metals in the soils and their uptake by maize plants. Significant reduction in plant metal uptake was noticed with organic amendments, specifically by maize straw treatment. Overall, in study 2 and study 3, the interaction effects of organic amendments with soils depicted a significantly higher microbial activity parameters in soils amended with pea straw than the maize straw. On the basis of this study the main conclusions drawn are, 1) most of the soils in effluent irrigated field of Rawalpindi/ Islamabad areas possess heavy metals above critical limits 2) microbial biomass and activity parameters in these soils showed a decline with increasing concentrations of total heavy metal in soil and 3) addition of organic amendments improved microbial parameters in metal polluted soils but the magnitude of improvements decreased with increasing heavy metal load of the soil. Thus, the application of organic amendments such as pea and maize straw in effluent irrigated areas is recommended for reducing metal toxicity to microbes, and plants. A close monitoring of the soil and crops in agricultural field irrigated withuntreated wastewater is required on regular basis in order to prevent the degradation of soil and entry of heavy metals into food chain.