سیرت نبوی کی روشنی میں بغاوت (خروج) سے متعلق احکامات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Islam orders to obey the ruler and not to indulge in activities that may cause disruption & instability of an Islamic state. This research discusses rules & regulations based on sīrah about rebellion (khurūj), and relevant topics from Islamic Jurisprudence. The basic question of this research is whether revolt against the ruler is permissible and what would be the punishment? This research elaborates four types of rebellion. Rulings of Muslim scholars regarding rebellion are subjected to the different positions of rulers. According to all school of thoughts the khurūj is not permitted if the ruler is lawful and serving his community with justice. In contrary, there is difference of opinions about the tyrannous and iniquitous ruler. This article concluded that majority of Muslim Scholars do not permit khurūj in any case, some others laid down very strict conditions in this regard.

پاکستان میں اردو لسانی تحقیق : تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Language and associated fields have always been favorite topics of discussion among Urdu scholars. Initially these discussions were introductory but gradually they expanded. The grammar had been compiled, dictionaries published and brief discussions ensued about the creation and evolution of Urdu language. During the colonial era in India the socio-linguistics' issues imparted a vital role in these language researches discussions but always remained in the background. There were a number of prominent orientalists who pioneered modern language research in India. Although later on under colonial influence and in the socio-political scenario of India, Muslim and Hindu etymologists also indulged in these language discussions using modern techniques and theories. The growth of English language and the resistance against it, Urdu-Hindi dispute and Hind-Islamic cultural identity are major factors which enhanced the importance of language and helped to establish linguistics as a field of study. So as a result by 1947 many vital and notable works had already emerged. After the establishment of Pakistan, studies in language continued and appreciable efforts can be found in improving existing language studies. In this new scenario modern linguistic theories and discourse has become important and the traditional language-related studies stayed behind as compared to more recognized and scientific methods that had evolved. Not only existing data of language study had been analyzed thoroughly but many new theories and trends discovered as well. The primary purpose of my research is to study, analyze and evaluate the whole language related discourse of Urdu in Pakistan. Through this the scattered material would be collected and easily determined its status, worth and significance. This research would help understand the details of studies in Urdu language.