كلمة المُراجع (التقريظ)

Frequency of Osteopenia and its association with Socio Economic Status among general female population aged 18-60 years Osteopenia and Socio Economic Status

Osteopenia is regarded as the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) which is lower than that of the average value but not as low as Osteoporosis. In Pakistan, Osteoporosis and Osteopenia among women have become one of the most common problems of recent times. Objectives: To find the frequency of osteopenia among females in Faisalabad and its association with SES (Socio Economic Status). Methodology: It was an analytical and cross-sectional study which was conducted at Niaz Medicare Clinic in Faisalabad. The study was completed in 9 months from 18 October 2019 to 18 July 2020. Non probability purposive sampling was done and 323 females were taken for the study. Results: The results demonstrated that 56.3% of the population had Osteopenia. Socio Economic Status had as statistically significant association with Osteopenia (p= 0.041). The results also revealed that the females belonging to middle class and lower class had a higher prevalence of Osteopenia than the females of upper Socio Economic Status. Conclusion: the frequency of Osteopenia was fairly high among females specifically the age group 18-29 years. There was an association found between Osteopenia and Socio Economic status (p =0.041).

Sxp: Simplified Extreme Programming Process Model

Software development is a critical task that require comprehensive guidelines in the form of software development process model. Plan driven software development models were the earliest models that mostly provide sequential development approach. With the passage of time, changing business environment, needs and technologies made these models inappropriate for software development.Agile models were emerged to overcome the limitations of traditional plan driven software development models.These models received a huge acceptance from software industry due to their distinguishing features and practices. Extreme Programming is one of the renowned agile model that uses agile practices to handle unclear and changing requirements with good level of customer satisfaction.It uses iterative and incremental approach to develop a quality software in considerable short time duration. It works well for small scale projects however some of its limitation make it less suitable for medium and large scale projects. Lack of documentation, poor architectural structure and less focus on design are its major limitations that effect its performance. Furthermore some of its practices like on-site-customer and pair programming are a bit controversial that cannot be applied in every situation or may overburden development process when applied. To overcome these limitations and make XP suitable for medium scale projects, a customized version of XP called SXP (Simplified Extreme Programming Model is proposed in this research.Proposed model tried to cover these problem without effecting agility and simplicity of XP. SXP model introduced explicit analysis and design phase to solve design related issues. It also removes unnecessary norms of pair programming and on-site-customer practices. For validation and evaluation of this model a controlled case study is conducted. Two different teams developed medium scale projects using classical XP and Proposed SXP model respectively.Comparison of data collected against different quality parameters showed that SXP model provide considerably better results than classical XP.