An Analytical Study of Hazrat Abdul Rehman (RA) Ibn Samara As Conqueror of Balochistan

Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.  

Solitary Structures in Space Plasmas With Non-Maxwellian Electron Distributions

The objective of this study is to investigate linear and nonlinear propagation of kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) and coupled kinetic Alfven-acoustic (CKAA) waves in non Maxwellian plasmas. Theoretical frame works that employed Maxwellian, kappa and Cairns distributions could not explain observations of flat top and spiky distributions. Generalized (?, ?) distribution function encompasses both low energy and high energy parts of the observed velocity distributions and provides good quantitative fits of the observed data. KAWs has been observed to play an important role in acceleration and heating of plasma particles in space and laboratory plasmas. The study is carried out by using two-potential theory and solitary structures are obtained by applying Sagdeev potential approach. A comprehensive study has been carried out to ascertain how the formation of compressive and rarefactive solitary structures of KAWs and CKAA waves depend on the low and high energy parts of the electron distribution function. It has been shown that out results agree well with Fast and Freja observations of the nonlinear KAWs. An important feature of our study is the formation of rarefactive solitary structures. The analysis of compressive and rarefactive solitary structures of CKAA waves reveals that flat top at low energies of the electron distribution are responsible for the formation of compressive solitary structures whereas the spikes at low energies allow the formation of both compressive and rarefactive solitary structures. We have extended our investigations of CKAA waves for electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasmas, particularly highlighting the role of nonthermal electrons and positrons following generalized (?, ?) distribution. The significance of this study is to emphasize the existence of density dip solitons for spiky distribution at low energy. The relevance of the study presented in this thesis with reference to astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas has also been discussed.