The Investigative System of Islam Investigative System of Islam

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was sent to establish justice. He made use of law and good conduct to achieve this great target. Complete investigation and transport exploration is of universal value that holds fundamental significance in legal system. This research article presents insight, broadness and transparency of investigatory system established by the Prophet (PBUH). It also highlights rules and laws in the light of valid research references. All these features are evident in Prophet’s personality. In this regard, keeping in view the nature of topic, the guidance has been sought from the commands of The Quran, Hadith and different incidents of the life of Muhammad (SAWW). A discussion has been premeditated to explore Prophet’s tactics regarding law of investigation. This research article, having research outlook and logical link, touches upon the rules and principles which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has given us for the recognition of the real culprit of good judgment, clues and witnesses. Investigative departments are radically important for the protection of Islam, maintenance of peace, internal stability and the protection of life, honor and property of people living in the society. The charter of these agencies is to abolish oppression, establish justice, impose the writ of law, and punish the guilty and to bring lawbreakers within the grip of law. The officer who performs the above duties is known as Naazir e Jaraaim1 in Islamic jurisprudential terminology. Further duties which fall within the remit of this officer are: Investigation of charges, production of the accused before a court of law, getting proven criminals sentenced by the court, executing the sentence handed down, releasing   the accused in case evidence is not sufficient and getting wrongful accusers punished properly.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Polymer-Graphite Nanocomposites

Conducting polymer blends and nanocomposites constituting conducting polymers (CPs) have fascinated noteworthy considerations for both academic and industrial research due to their important and captivating applications. In the current endeavor eight different series of nanocomposites of conjugated polymers have been efficiently fabricated via layer by layer in situ oxidative polymerization i.e. NF-G & F-G/PANi/PSMA/ODA, FG & FG-NH2/PANi/PMMA/PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG, NF-G & FG/PPy/PEG/PSMA/MDA, FG & FG-NH2/PPy/PVC/PDA. The fabrication of nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANi) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)cumene terminated (PSMA), polypyrole (PPy), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)cumene terminated (PSMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene - - - - - - - 1 -phenylene diamine (PDA) as crosslinking agent with non-functional and functional graphite as filler was performed. For each series we studied the influence of various feeding ratios by varying weight % of CP (2%, 5% and 10%). Physical characteristics of resultant nanocomposites were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) respectively. The thermal, electrical and surface area properties of the conducting polymer blends and nanocomposites were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis. Relative to non-functional composites, functional composites displayed more improved characteristics such as exhibited higher thermal stability and improved electrical conductivity by the incorporation of modified graphite. According to the differential scanning calorimetry the glass transition temperature, melting temperature and crystallization temperature of the composites increases with the incorporation of modified graphite. FG-NH2 in resultant nanocomposites play an important role in forming conducting network in matrix indicating synergistic effect between polymer matrices and filler. The DSC studies are also complimented by X-ray diffraction results. The PMMA copolymer chains can stabilize the growth of PANi chains by the formation of hydrogen bonding between imine groups in PANi and carbonyl groups in MMA units and by providing sites for electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites was also found to be a function of CPs loadings. However, nanocomposites possessed higher conductivities values ascribed to the presence of thermally more stable and electrically conductive modified graphite in composites. According to four probe test, the conductivity of ultimate nanocomposites increased dramatically. The composites constituting higher mass ratio shows increased electrical conductivity performance. Newly fabricated series of conducting nanocomposites may act as useful contenders in industrial appliances such as polymer Li-ion batteries.