معاشرتی امن و امان میں پختون روایتی مصالحت اور تحکیم کا کردار: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.

Ontology for Inter-Research Paper Similarity Measures Cores and its Applications

A large number of research papers are being published and indexed regularly by systems such as search engines, citation indexers, and digital libraries, enabling re searchers to explore through these papers. Most of the users feel frustrated due to the large number of results for similar research papers with many of these results are not similar at all. A careful analysis of these systems to find similar research papers reveals a major problem that research paper based similarity measuring techniques have not been conceptually modelled to find the similarity measures with a reasonable accuracy. In order to solve this problem an ontology to model the domain of research papers similarity measures is required. While surveying content based similarity measuring techniques, it was found that these techniques were not integrated with each other, to formulate a hybrid technique without overlappings and redundancies in methods and features. We have surveyed differ ent ontologies relevant to research paper similarity measures domain, finding that none of these were modeling this domain. In this thesis, content based similarity measuring techniques were modelled in the form of ontology named as COReS (Content based Ontology for Research paper Similarity) which has been evaluated using automated evaluation tools and user study based evaluation techniques. An important application of COReS is finding research paper similarity measures in a comprehensively by using knowledge about relationships between different sim ilarity measuring techniques demonstrated using four use cases. An experiment was also performed on a gold standard data set of research papers to compute comprehensive similarity measures using COReS. The results of Fractional Re gression Coefficient (Percentage Difference) between user study based similarity measure (as a benchmark) and comprehensive similarity measure were computed. It was found that comprehensive similarity measure was more correlated to user study based similarity measure with a value of 47% for Fractional Regression Co efficient as compared to vector space based and InText citation based similarity measuring techniques and their combinations. COReS models only the content based similarity measuring techniques, the model can be extended for other simi larity measuring techniques for example Collaborative Filtering, Item Centric etc. COReS can also be aligned with other relevant ontologies (SPAR) to enhance its adaptation by community.