1۔ حدِ زنا
زنا کا لغوی و اصطلاحی مفہوم
زنا کثیر المعنی لفظ ہے ۔ اس کا ایک معنی ہے، عظیم ، بلند، چنانچہ ابن فارس تحریر کرتے ہیں
"الزاء والنون والحرف المعتل لا تتضايف، ولا قياس فيها لواحدةٍ على أخرى. فالأوَّل الزِّنَى، معروف. ويقال إنّه يمدّ ويقصر. یقال أبا حاضِرٍ مَنْ يَزْنِ يُعرَف زنَاؤُهُ ۔ "71
"زنا کا اصل زا ء اور نون اور آخر میں ی معتل ہے اس میں کسی اور چیز کا اضافہ نہیں ہوسکتا اور اس میں ایک کو دوسرے پر قیاس نہیں کیا جا سکتا ۔ اس میں پہلا مادہ زَنَی َ ہے اور یہی معروف ہے اور یہ مدہ اور قصر دونوں کے ساتھ پڑھا جا سکتا ہے جیسے کہا جاتا ہے کہ وہ ایسا بلند مرتبہ شخص ہے جس کا عظیم مرتبت ہونا مشہور ہے۔ "
زنا حرام کا م ہے اور عظیم گناہوں میں ایک گناہ ہے ۔ ابن قدامہ نے زنا کو عظیم اور بڑا گناہ کہا ہے
"الزنا حرام وهو من الكبائر العظام ۔"72
زنا کا ایک معنی ہے گھر والے سے بغاوت کرنے والی عورت ،جیسا کہ ابن منظور لکھتےہیں
"الزِّنا يمد ويقصر زَنَى الرجلُ يَزْني زِنىً مقصور وزناءً ممدود وكذلك المرأَة وزانى مُزاناةً وزَنَّى كَزَنى... والمرأَة تُزانِي مُزاناةً وزِناء أَي تُباغِي۔ "73
"زنا مدہ اور قصر کے ساتھ پڑھا جا سکتا ہے" زَنَى الرجلُ يَزْني زِنىً" یہ مقصور ہے اور "وزناءً " یہ ممدود ہے اور اسی طرح عورت کے بارے میں ہے کہ زانیہ عورت یعنی اپنے گھر والے کے حق میں بغاوت کرنے والی ہے۔ "
بغیر نکاح کے کسی غیر عورت سے ہم بستری کرنا زنا کہلاتا ہے اور امام راغب اصفہانی کے بقول زنا
"الزنا وطءُ المراۃمن غیر عقد شرعی۔ "74
"عقد شرعی کے بغیر کسی عورت سے ہم بستری کرنا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم یہ ہے کہ...
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference at occupational performance skills related to visual perception among typical developing children and cerebral palsy children by using measuring test of MVPT-R.
Design And Sampling Technique: Quantitative cross-sectional study, convenience sampling method.
Study Setting And Participants: A total of 400 Cerebral palsy children (all types) and typical children each from different mainstream schools, rehab centers, pediatric occupational therapy departments, and special education centers located in Karachi.
Interventions / Data Collection: Test of visual perception that is Motor Free visual perceptual test- Revised MVPT-R.
Result: Result shows difference in perceptual ages (PA) between typical and cerebral palsy children. Perceptual age (PA) was greater than the chronological age (CA) in the typical group. Conversely, in the CP group the perceptual age (PA) was lesser than the chronological age (CA).
Conclusion: Visual perception skills play a key role in a child’s achievement at school and at home. Children require intact visual perception for the successful performance of their daily living as well as academic tasks like good eye-hand coordination, handwriting, reading, shape perception, play skills, and copying patterns, etc. This study is helpful to identify those children who have visual perception issues and sorting this problem will form the baseline for better evaluating and planning of useful visual perception activities for typical and cerebral palsy children.
Ferrimagnetic bioactive glass ceramics are expected to be potential candidates for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer. When placed in an alternating magnetic field of high frequency, these materials generate heat energy by hysteresis and eddy current losses. Tumor cells usually perish around 43 °C due to the poorly developed nervous and circulatory system whereas healthy body cells remain unaffected at this temperature. Such materials should have the adequate ability to bond with the tissues (bioactivity). Much work has been done on Fe 3 O 4 containing glass ceramics for this purpose but present work is the first ever detailed study of its kind on ZnFe 2 O 4 containing ferrimagnetic bioactive glass ceramics for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Glass ceramics of the composition (%wt) xZnO • 25Fe 2 O 3 • (40 -x)SiO 2 • 25CaO • 7P 2 O 5 • 3Na 2 O were prepared by melt-quench method and subsequent sintering at 1100 °C. After sintering the materials were quenched to about -10 °C to cause ferrimagnetism by preserving the high temperature state of mixed spinels, i.e., random distribution of cations at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of the spinel lattice. Magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic materials were further enhanced by cooling the materials in an aligning magnetic field to cause anisotropy. XRD was used to study the crystalline phases in the materials. Magnetic properties of the materials were studied using VSM. The sample X10 (having 10% ZnO) exhibited the highest hysteresis area. Calorimetric properties were studied by placing the materials in a magnetic induction furnace. The sample X10 exhibited the best magnetic heat generation due to its highest hysteresis losses. Anisotropic materials showed better magnetic and calorimetric properties than the non-aligned materials. Materials were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 weeks to study the bioactivity. In Vitro characterization was carried out using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, AAS & pH meter. The results confirmed that all samples were bioactive as layers of biological hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) appeared after 3 weeks. Sample X10 exhibited adequate bioactivity. Due to balanced calorimetric & biological properties, sample X10 was considered the potential material of choice to be used for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer as well as for re-enforcement of the damaged bones.