جو کام مجھے کرنے ہیں کرنے نہیں دیتے
حالات مجھے غم سے نکلنے نہیں دیتے
سچ ہے کہ وہی لوگ مرے دشمنِ جاں ہیں
جو لوگ مجھے جاں سے گزرنے نہیں دیتے
کم ظرف ہیں وہ جام چھلک جاتے ہیں جن سے
ہم اپنا بھرا دل بھی چھلکنے نہیں دیتے
تحسین مری اُن کو ، دعائیں مری لاکھوں
جو خود کو کسی دل سے اُترنے نہیں دیتے
لگتا ہے مرے اپنے مقدر ہیں یہ تائب ؔ
بگڑی جو کسی بات کو بننے نہیں دیتے
Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of malaria cases according to the 2018 RISKESDAS reached 8076 cases, and the highest number was obtained from Papua province with 3,334 cases. Multiple infection malaria in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS 2018, has a rate of 0.01% of the total cases, namely Plasmodium Falciparum malaria and Plasmodium non Falciparum malaria. A 47 year old man was referred from the clinic with complaints of high fever preceded by chills 10 days before being admitted to the hospital. Accompanied by shortness of breath, unable to get off the treatment bed due to feeling very weak, nauseous, sick and having a bulging stomach. Physical examination revealed a pale conjunctiva, ronkhi in the lower field of the right lung, dim percussion in the basal of the left lung, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, shifting dullness. Ring form vivax, on chest X-ray found a left pleural effusion. It is known that the patient previously lived in Papua from September 2018 to May 2019. During treatment, the patient was given artesunate injection therapy, dihydroartemisin + piperaquine and primaquin for seven days of treatment. At the end of the treatment, another chest X-ray was performed and re-examination of the peripheral blood smear, no more pleural effusions were found and no parasites were found on re-examination of the peripheral blood smear. Mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria, is a rare case that may occur in endemic areas where both plasmodium can be found. The prevalence in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS is only about 0.01% of all malaria cases in Indonesia.
The objective of study was to establish the potential of inexpensive and locally available biomaterial i.e. lignocellulosic waste of Citrus fruits as biosorbent to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solution. The Citrus waste biomasses i.e. Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus limetta and Citrus paradisi were analyzed and screened having optimum sorption capacity for reactive dyes. Citrus sinensis biosorbent was selected and its sorption potential for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49 was investigated with variation in the parameters such as pH, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature. Biosorbent was chemically treated by organic and inorganic reagents of which acetic acid enhanced the sorption capacities for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49; and acetonitrile for Reactive red 45 attaining equilibrium in 60 minutes. While immobilization of biosorbent into calcium alginate beads decreased the sorption capacity and prolonged the time to achieve equilibrium upto 120 minutes in case of all reactive dyes. Experimental data showed good fit with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Pseudo second order rate law described best the sorption mechanism with a high coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.99). The mechanism of sorption was found to be physiosorption. FT-IR analysis of biosorbent revealed the presence of C=O, C−O, NH and OH groups on the surface of biosorbent. SEM imaging of biosorbent surface before and after biosorption visualized fibrous texture of biosorbent. Desorption experiments were also performed to regenerate the biosorbent making the process more economical and environment friendly. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration on the sorption capacity of Citrus sinensis biosorbent was investigated using central composite design matrix and response surface methodology. The probability values less than 0.0001 designated the good fit of sorption data by the model. High values of coefficient of determination (R 2 0.987, 0.998, 0.988 & 0.999 for Reactive yellow 42, Reactive red 45, Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49, respectively) indicated evaluation of biosorption data by second order polynomial equations very well. The interactive effect of pH, biosorbent dose and dye concentration was found significant and sorption capacity was optimum at acidic pH range, smaller biosorbent dose and higher dye concentrations. The results proved Citrus sinensis to be a favorable biosorbent to be applied on industrial scale.