حالات و زمانہ کی رعایت سے متعلق جمہور فقہاء کرام کی تصریحات (عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں ایک مطالعہ)

Human life is the subjective of change with the changing circumstances. If we look at the condition of our late grandfather or great – grandfather and look at the contemporary situation; it will not be difficult to understand this change. The rules about some important issues had been changed with the passage of time. In the initial descendants of Adam the marriage of brothers and sisters was allowed, after the flood of Noah, due to the scarcity of animals, the meat of all kinds of animals was allowed, two sisters were married to Hazrat Yaqub (A.S) at the same time, but the rules had been reversed afterwards. Even in the time of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, such changes took place and they were associated with the changing conditions. Initially it was banned to visit the graves and the sacrificial meet was not allowed to keep for more than three days and it was mandatory upon the women to attend the congregational prayer but afterwards the permissions were granted contrarily. Fortunately, we have a body of jurisprudence in the light of which not only contemporary issues can be solved but also guidance can be provided for the future. Our leading Jurists, who are followed, have done a remarkable job in this regard. The following article reviews the teachings of the three jurists, namely Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and teachings of their glean jurists. It will make clear that under changing circumstances these jurists seemed to agree on change. Therefore, by using the efforts of these jurists, we can try to resolve the problems of our contemporary changes and requirements throughout the Muslim World.

Exploring the Process of Progression Towards Senior Leadership

The availability of competent leaders for the sustainability of school improvement requires the development of potential leaders for the senior leadership positions. Mostly professional development of leaders is focused in the research studies (Turner, 2007) but the process of progression to senior leadership and factors affecting that process remain unpacked and unobserved, which create uncertainty and confusion for the potential leaders about their standing position in the process of progression. The purpose of this study was to explore the process of progression to senior leadership in a community based school in Karachi and to highlight the perception of teachers about the existing process of progression. Two phase sequential mixed method study was conducted to present a holistic picture of progression towards senior leadership. In the first phase through, interviews of a senior leader, the head of section and a class teacher; observations and document analysis, emerging themes about existing process were highlighted. A linear process of progression was identified within supporting and hindering factors' In the second phase, a five point rating scale survey questionnaire based on the emerging themes from phase one and research literature was used to gather teachers' perceptions about the existing process of progression, supporting factors, hindering factors and the teachers' satisfaction with the process. Survey findings were helpful to understand the teachers' perceptions about the process' A general agreement was observed among the teachers about the process of progression to leadership in the school. Their perceptions were similar to the leadership perceptions regarding process of progression and affecting factors. The dissertation also presents implications and recommendations for the future research in the area of leadership development' This study is helpful to potential leaders including teachers to plan their progression' It is also useful for the school leadership to enhance enabling factors and control the hindering factors involved in the process of progression.