فقہاء کی نظر میں عبادات میں اوقات مکروہہ اور ان کے اسباب و اثرات کا علمی جائزہ

For every worshipping, almighty Allah has appointed a specific time, same is the case with prayer (salat). But the following five appointed times for prayers are abhorrent: 1) At noon time. 2) At Sun set. 3) At Sun rise. 4) After Asar Prayer. 5) After the evening prayer. To offer prayer in the first three mentioned times, is not allowable in the views of Ahnaf. According to Imam Shaafi, Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad, obligatory prayer (salat) is permissible but not nafl prayer. Near to Imam Shaafi, in these forbidden timings, “NawaflZawat-ulAsbab” is legal and in Makkah every type of Nafl is also permissible. Even, during these timings, funeral prayer and sijdae-telawat is allowable with duress. There are different views regarding the last two forbidden times.

Post-Harvets Biochemical and Microbial Evaluation of Indigenous Carps under Different Storage Conditions

The present research work was planned to assess the post-harvest biochemical and microbial changes in Indigenous carps (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla) under various storage conditions including icing, salting and sun drying. The proposed study was completed in two phases. In the first phase, carps were cultured in the ratio 1:2:1 in earthen ponds under semi-intensive polyculture conditions for a period of six months (two treatments with three replicates). Fish were fed with maize gluten as supplementary feed in the 1st treatment (T1) while in the 2nd treatment (T2) urea fertilizer 0.3g N/100g was added. Growth performance was monitored in terms of morphometric characteristics. Water quality parameters were determined on weekly basis. The results of a phase 1st revealed significant differences statistically (p<0.05) in growth parameters in both the treatments. T2 showed better growth performance in terms of specific growth rate over T1 with a maximum of Catla catla 1.22±0.01, Labeo rohita 1.22±0.00 and minimum in Cirrhinus mrigala 1.15±0.01. In the 2nd phase, the cultured fish stored under icing, salting and sun-drying conditions and samples were drawn for biochemical and microbial evaluation at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days of storage and compared in terms of meat quality and nutritive value with the wild fish obtained from local market. The results of phase 2nd also revealed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among various parameters tested in this study. Post-harvest proximate analysis of Indigenous carps showed that in icing conditions, wild fish showed higher moisture contents 81.61±0.30% as compared to farmed fish 78.82±0.33%. The same trend was observed in salted and sun-dried fish. Maximum crude protein was observed in sun-dried farmed fish 38.07±1.83% and minimum in wild carps stored in icing conditions 14.88±0.11%. Sun-dried farmed fish deposited more fat 7.96±0.36% as compared to sun-dried wild species 7.74±0.35% also wild fish stored in ice showed low crude fat 1.97±0.06% as compared to farmed fish 2.14±0.06%. Maximum ash contents were observed in wild salted fish 15.19±1.11% and farmed salted fish 14.74±1.06% while wild and farmed fish stored in icing showed minimum ash contents 1.72±0.02% and 1.62±0.02%, respectively. The results of the organoleptic quality assessment (OQA) revealed that farmed raised carps showed better OQA at all the three storage conditions; icing 8.49±0.09, salting 8.25±0.11 and sun-drying 7.47±0.17 as compared to wild species; icing 7.50±0.09, salting 7.28±0.11 and sun-drying 6.55±0.16. Sun-dried farmed species showed better protein solubility 72.15±2.19% as compared to iced 68.63±1.61% and salted fish 69.56±1.69%. Similar trends were observed in wild species with a maximum in sun-dried 70.04±2.17% and minimum in iced fish 65.84±1.62%. Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) was observed maximum in farmed 16.26±0.83 mg/100g and wild salted fish 17.93±0.88 mg/100g over other storage conditions. pH value was observed minimum in farmed sun-dried 6.70± 0.10 and wild fish 6.83±0.09 while the pH values of farmed and wild iced and salted fish showed a non-significant difference (p<0.05). Total plate count (TPC) was observed highest in iced 5.41±0.04 log10 CFU/g and minimum in salted fish 4.88±0.06 log10 CFU/g while in wild species, sun-dried fish showed maximum TPC value 6.31±0.07 log10 CFU/g.Correlation matrix for overall data of indigenous carps (Farmed + Wild species) showed that moisture contents was negatively correlated with protein, fat, ash, TVBN, pH, TPC and positively correlated with PS. Crude fat was positively correlated with ash, PS, TVBN, TPC and negatively correlated with pH. Ash showed a positive correlation with TVBN, pH and negatively correlated with PS, TPC. PS was negatively correlated with TVBN, pH and TPC. TVBN showed a positive correlation with pH and TPC while pH showed a positive correlation with TPC. In conclusion, traditional techniques of post-harvest (e.g. icing, salting and sun-drying) affected endemic carps meat quality and the fish stored in ice showed better meat and nutritive quality as compared to salted and sun-dried fish.