الاصابہ فی تمییز الصحابہ میں نماز و روزے سے متعلقہ روایاتِ اَحکام کا تحقیقی جائزہ Research Review of the Traditions of Rulings on Prayer and Fasting in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah

The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.

Effect of Motivational Factors on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Study of Public Sector Degree Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan

Among all the resources of an educational institution, teachers are unquestionably the most important. Motivation plays a pivotal role in increasing the level of teacher's job satisfaction. Satisfied teachers in turn can help in improving the performance of an educational institution. The objectives of this study were to explore various factors of low motivation of teachers and to analyze the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors on teacher job satisfaction in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. This was an exploratory study based on primary data. Questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. The profile of the respondents included all the teachers who were working in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) 19.0 was applied. SPSS 19.0 was used for basic analysis purpose. The results of the study indicated that although compensation and benefits package is an important factor of teacher's low motivation in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, but there are also some non monetary factors for example, insufficient opportunities to acquire new skills at job, lack of participation in job related decisions, over crowded class rooms, unsatisfactory work environment, lack of pre-service and in-service training programs, unsatisfactory recognition and feedback process which are contributing to low motivation of teachers in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. Study concluded that there is significant relationship between intrinsic motivational factors and teacher job satisfaction. Similarly, statistically significant relationship is also found between extrinsic motivational factors and teacher job satisfaction. However, it is found that teacher job satisfaction in largely caused by intrinsic motivational factors as compare to extrinsic motivational factors. Moreover, significant difference is observed between teacher's age, designation, teaching experience and teacher job satisfaction. The study has recommended strategies about how management can utilize intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors as a tool to keep teachers motivated and satisfied in their jobs. The study also recommended ways by which management can eliminate low motivation amongst teachers by improving their skills, knowledge and competencies and by creating supporting learning environment, building good relationships between junior and senior teachers and involving teachers in job related decisions. The study seems to be very useful as it provides both, the theoretical implications for the researchers interested in exploring job satisfaction in higher educational institutions in Pakistan as well as practical implications for the higher authorities within public sector higher education set up in Pakistan.