Activities of Islamic Sharī’ah Council and Muslim Arbitration Tribunal to Apply Islamic Law in England and Wales

The UK is a Christian majority country with several minority religious groups like Muslims, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs who have been living there for a long time. All faith groups have their own laws. Likewise, Muslims also have their specific laws called “Sharī’ah law” or “Muslim Family Law”. This paper attempts to represent a prospect of how Islamic law deals with the issues faced by the Muslims in England and Wales. There are many “The Islamic Shari’ah Council (ISC)” and “Muslim Arbitrational Tribunal (MAT) to solve the family concerns in England and Wales, for instance, marriage, child custody, divorce and other issues related to their matrimonial life. These councils play a prime role in implementing Islamic law among Muslims in Britain. Since ISC and MAT play a crucial role in applying Islamic law, it will be the focusing component of the paper. This study examines how ISC and MAT resolve the legal problems of the Muslim families and to which extent sometimes it is allegedly not compatible with England and Wales's domestic legal settings. Moreover, the main aim and object of the paper is to find out the internal functions and the processes of the Islamic Sharī’ah Council and Muslim Arbitration Tribunal in England and Wales

Inheritance of Phytic Acid and Other Agronomic Traits in Bread Wheat

Phytic acid (Myo-inositol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hexa-kisphophate) is a storage form of phosphorus and can accumulate to levels as high as 35% in the wheat kernel. Phytic acid acts as an anti-nutritional macromolecule (anti-nutrient) in the wheat kernel. Due to its inhibitory role, a high concentration of phytic acid is undesirable as it hinders the bioavailability of some essential nutrients such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn and Cu, etc. To see the inheritance of phytic acid in wheat, phytic acid concentration was initially determined in kernels of 10 wheat genotypes to identify two contrasting genetic groups for diallel analysis. Based on pre-screening results of 10 wheat genotypes, five wheat genotypes (3 with high and 2 with low phytic acid concentration) were crossed in all possible combinations during 2007-08 to generate a 5 × 5 full diallel set for studying the inheritance of phytic acid and other agronomic traits. All 20 F1 hybrids and five parental genotypes were planted using a completely randomized block design with 3 replications during 2008- 09 at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar. Variance analysis for all traits revealed significant differences, providing justification for diallel analysis. According to Hotelling’s t2 test and regression analysis, the model of additive-dominance was adequate for phytic acid, plant height, flag leaf area, tillers plant-1, grains spike-1, biological yield; partially adequate for days to heading, grain filling duration, spikelets spike-1,1000- grain weight, grain yield, harvest index and inadequate for plant maturity. Values of D greater than H1 and H2 for flag leaf area and plant height indicated their additive nature, whereas values of D less than H1 and H2 for grain filling duration, grains spike-1, 1000- grain weight, tillers plant-1, spike length, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and phytic acid concentration accounted for non-additive control of these traits. The same results were confirmed by average degree of dominance calculations. The narrow and broad sense heritability estimates varied widely among traits - days to heading (0.07, 0.32), flag leaf area (0.31, 0.55), grain filling duration (0.24, 0.91), plant height (0.12, 0.28), spike length (0.17, 0.62), spikelets spike-1 (0.35, 0.74), tillers plant-1 (0.05, 0.52), grains spike-1 (0.05, 0.68), 1000-grain weight (0.25, 0.68), biological yield (0.10, 0.89), grain yield (0.13, 0.98), harvest index (0.09, 0.64) and phytic acid concentration (0.01, 0.86). The values for phytic acid concentration ranged from 0.56 to 3.43% among F1 hybrids and 1.06 to 3.67% for parental genotypes. The following F1 hybrids, Ps-2005 × Ghaznavi (0.56%), AUP-4006 × Ps-2004 (0.74%), Janbaz × Ps-2004 (0.89%) and Janbaz × Ps-2005 (1.01%), had the lowest concentration of phytic acid. This research confirms that F1 hybrids with low phytic acid concentration could yield desirable segregants.