شیرمادر بینک (Mother’s Milk Bank) کا شرعی حکم

The emergence of human milk banks for premature and underweight babies in the early twentieth century raised many questions about the proscription of breastfeeding kinship as are in Islamic jurisprudence. Many Islamic scholars tries to find its solution in the light of Quran, Sunnah and the sayings of early Imams of Fiqh, but their opinion about this matter was different like the differences of sayings of some Imams, until Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences based in Kuwait and Islamic fiqh Academy Jeddah, called Summits on this issue and decided against the establishment of such banks in Islamic world. The issue seemed to be almost solved until European Council for Fatwa and Research launched an appeal in 2003 against their solution and demanded to legitimate the use of Human Milk from these banks for the children of Muslim families in Europe and USA using the public scourge canon (Umum al Balwa) of fiqh. This appeal once again opened the door of discussion on this matter. This article is an overview of the sayings of early and modern jurisprudents and pros and cons of human milk banks in the quest of solution of this modern problem in the light of Islamic shariah, so that a just and balanced opinion may be adopted in this matter as it is motto of Islamic Law. This discussion will also affect many new problems faced by Muslim communities in European countries as well as Islamic countries in modern era

Nonlinear Screening and Ion-Acoustic Solitons in Electron-Positron and Electron-Positron-Ion Plasmas

The primary purpose of this dissertation is to study the nonlinear screening effect of electrostatic field and the nonlinear structure of ion-acoustic solitary waves in relativistic degenerate electron-positron-ion plasmas. Nonlinear screening process in ultrarelativistic degenerate electron-positron gas is investigated by deriving a generalized nonlinear Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. In the simple one-dimensional case, the nonlinear Poisson equation leads to Debye-like (Coulomb-like) solutions at distances larger (less) than the characteristic length. When the electrostatic energy is larger than thermal energy this nonlinear Poisson equation converts into the relativistic Thomas-Fermi equation whose asymptotic solution in 3D shows that the potential field goes to zero at infinity much more slowly than the Debye potential. The possibility of the formation of a bound state in electron-positron plasma is also indicated. Further, it is investigated that the strong spatial fluctuations of the potential field may reduce the screening length and that the root mean square of this spatial fluctuating potential goes to zero for large distance rather slowly as compared with the case of the Debye potential. The arbitrary and small amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves are studied separately in all three regimes (relativistic, non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic). The former is studied by using Sagdeev type-pseudo potential approach in plasmas consisting of collisionless, unmagnetized and degenerate dense electron-positron, and the non- relativistic cold classical ions. The electrons and positrons are assumed to follow the corresponding Fermi Dirac distribution function while the ions are described by the hydrodynamic equations. It is significant to note that the ion-acoustic speed in the degenerate pair-ion plasma does not only depend upon the electron Fermi temperature and ion mass, it also depends upon the concentration of the positrons and the ions in the plasma. Along with approximate solution, the exact amplitude solitary structure is also investigated numerically. It is seen that only compressive and supersonic solitary waves can propagate through such plasmas. The presence of the positions in the plasma drastically reduces the amplitude of the ion-acoustic solitary waves while the plasma thermal temperature increases it slightly.