براؤن، ایڈورڈ
علمی دنیا میں نئے سال کا سب سے افسوس ناک سانحہ مشہور انگریز مستشرق پروفیسر ایڈورڈ جی براؤن کی وفات ہے، موصوف نے اس مہینہ کے آغاز میں غالباً ساٹھ پینسٹھ سال کی تخمینی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ پہلے کیمبرج میں فارسی کے لکچرر تھے، پھر ۱۹۰۲ء میں وہ عربی کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے، انھوں نے طب کی تعلیم بھی حاصل کی تھی، عربی میں وہ پروفیسر پامر کے شاگرد تھے، ان کی سب سے جامع، مسبوط اور مشہور تصنیف لٹریری ہسٹری آف پرشیا کی ضخیم جلدیں ہیں، موصوف نہ صرف علمی حیثیت سے بلکہ ایک بے تعصب عالم، ایک ہمدرد مشرق اور ایک شریف انسان ہونے کے لحاظ سے بھی نہایت بلند درجہ تھے، قومی تنگ ظرفی اور مذہبی عصبیت سے وہ قطعاً مبرا تھے، ان آنکھوں کو یہ عزت حاصل ہے کہ انھوں نے مرنے والے کی زیارت کی تھی، آئندہ معارف میں ان کے کچھ حالات سپرد قلم ہوں گے، ہندوستان میں ان کو ہم سے بہتر جاننے والے اشخاص بلکہ ان کے شاگرد موجود ہیں، کیا بہتر ہو اگر ان میں سے کوئی صاحب ہماری مدد فرمائیں اور براؤن پر ایک عمدہ مضمون لکھ کر عنایت فرمائیں اور اگر احباب پسند کریں تو معارف کا ایک نمبر صرف براؤن پر شائع کیا جائے کہ ان کے احسانات کا یہ ادنیٰ ترین معاوضہ ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۲۶ء)
Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents
\A plane graph is a particular drawing of a planar graph on the Euclidean plane. Let G(V;E; F) be a plane graph with vertex set V , edge set E and face set F. A proper entire t-colouring of a plane graph is a mapping : V (G) [ E(G) [ F(G) ?! f1; 2; : : : ; tg such that any two adjacent or incident elements in the set V (G)[E(G)[F(G) receive distinct colours. The entire chromatic number, denoted byvef (G), of a plane graph G is the smallest integer t such that G has a proper entire t-colouring. The proper entire t-colouring of a plane graph have been studied extensively in the literature. There are several modi cation on entire t-colouring. We focus on a face irregular entire k-labeling of a 2-connected plane graph as a labeling of vertices, edges and faces of G with labels from the set f1; 2; : : : ; kg in such a way that for any two di erent faces their weights are distinct. The weight of a face under a k-labeling is the sum of labels carried by that face and all the edges and vertices incident with the face. The minimum k for which a plane graph G has a face irregular entire k-labeling is called the entire face irregularity strength". \Another variation to entire t-colouring is a d-antimagic labeling as entire labeling of a plane graph with the property that for every positive integer s, the weights of s-sided faces form an arithmetic sequence with a common di erence d. In the thesis, we estimate the bounds of the entire face irregularity strength for disjoint union of multiple copies of a plane graph and prove the sharpness of the lower bound in two cases. Also we study the existence of d-antimagic labelings for vi the Klein-bottle fullerene that is for anite trivalent graph embedded on the Kleinbottle with each face is a hexagon. In last chapter we investigate the 3-total edge product cordial labeling of hexagonal grid (honeycomb) that is the planar graph with m rows and n columns of hexagons".