عناية المحدِّثين بالجامع الصَّحيح للبخاري في شبه القارة الهنديَّة

This study deals with a historical overview of the entry of Islam to the Indian subcontinent and the contribution of the companions, successor, and their followers in spreading the Prophetic Sunnah in it. Moreover, It contains a brief historical overview of the emergence of hadīth science، its weakness, renaissance, development, and flourishing, and a study of the attention of Muhaddithūn to the Sahih al-Bukhārī by writing its Shuruh, Taliqāt، Hawāshī, and Tarājim in the Indian subcontinent. It has been proven from the study of the history of hadīth science that after the entry of the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids to this region, the science of hadīth weakened due to the interest of the locals in rational sciences until Sultān Ala’ud-Dīn al-Khiljī (d. 716/1316) period. The scholars began to pay attention to the compilations of hadīth in general and Sahih al-Bukhārī in particular, and the first Sharh of Sahih al-Bukhārī appeared by Sheikh al-Hassan b. Muhammad al-Saghānī al-Lāhourī (d. 1252/650). It was revealed from a historical study of Sahih al-Bukhārī’s related studies in the Indian subcontinent that all were written in three stages. The first stage was the era of the renaissance of hadīth science and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Hawāshī in the Arabic language. The second stage was the era of the development of hadīth sciences and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Tarājim in the Arabic and Persian languages. Besides, the study proved that it was the era of translation and authorship in the Persian language, which was one of the most widespread languages، understanding, and delivered in the scientific community of the Indian subcontinent. As for the third stage, it is the flourishing of hadīth science and the emergence of a diversity of books about the Sahih al-Bukhārī in Arabic, Urdu, and Pashto. It was discovered from the study that the Urdu language took the place of Persian in the dissemination of legal sciences and the authorship of Sahih al-Bukhārī.

Synthesis and Fragmentation of Carbon Clusters and Nanotubes

A detailed study of the formation and fragmentation patterns of sp2 bonded carbon nano and micro structures has been carried out. Nanotubes and graphite are the extended and composite structures formed by the curved and flat sheets of graphene. Their structural stabilities and subtle differences have shown to be responsible for their characteristic fragmentation patterns under different forms of irradiations. Various techniques were employed for imparting energy to these structures. These include arc discharge, magnetron sputtering, energetic ion induced sputtering, and ablation with electronic and ionic pulses. Emission spectroscopy as well as the velocity and momentum analyzers was employed for the identification of the fragments. Arc discharge and magnetron sputtering of graphite delivered C1, C2, C3 and higher clusters which subsequently coalesced to form two types of thin films. Raman, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses relates the sp2 character of these two types of films to the relative ratios of C2 versus all these clusters used in their respective formation. C2 is shown to be the essential component of formation as well as fragmentation of the sp2-bonded structures. Detailed mass spectrometric investigations were performed on Cs+ irradiated SWCNTs, MWCNTs and graphite as a function of Cs+ energy (E(Cs+)) ranging from few tens of eV to 5000 eV. C2, C3 and C4 emission are shown to be the main fragmentation channels for irradiated and pristine single and MWCNTs while C1 shows a linearly increasing relative number density as a function of E(Cs+) thus indicating C1 to be the by-product of the dissociation of C2 and C3. Relative stability of C2 and C3 in energetic collisions with N2 demonstrates that C2 and C2+ dissociate at relatively small collision energies as compared with C3 which has superior survival probabilities even at much higher energies. Sputtering of C2, C3 and C1 under broad energy ranges and doses of Cs+ has been modeled to visualize the breaking of multiple bonds in direct and secondary recoils. The prevalence of C2 among the sputtered species from the irradiated SWCNTs, MWCNTs and graphite targets identify the dominant role that recoil sputtering plays, where a double bonded pair of carbon breaks its four single bonds with four C2 neighbors on sp2– bonded surface.