امتیاز اوجھلؔ
امتیاز اوجھلؔ (۱۹۴۲ئ۔۲۰۱۱ئ) کا اصل نام رحمت علی اور اوجھلؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ وہ کوٹلی لوہاراں ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ ساحرؔ، عدمؔ ،جوشؔ اور فیضؔ سے بہت متاثر ہیں۔ ان کے کلام میں چاروں شعراکا رنگ اور اسلوب نظر آتا ہے۔ ان کا ابتدائی شعری کلام ماہنامہ’’گلِ رو‘‘ کراچی میں شائع ہوا۔ آپ ترقی پسند تحریک سے بھی منسلک رہے۔ (۹۳۳) ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’نویدِ سحر‘‘ ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’اجاڑ جنگل اداس موسم‘‘ ادارہ تخلیقات لاہور نے ۱۹۹۹ء میں شائع کیا ۔ تین شعری مجموعوں کے مسودے راقم الحروف نے انٹر ویو کے دوران ان کے پاس دیکھے جن کے نام ان دنوں زیر غور تھے۔
امتیاز اوجھلؔ غزل کے شاعر ہیں لیکن انھوں نے دیگر اصناف سخن میں طبع آزمائی بھی کی ہے۔ امتیاز انقلابی اور مزاحمتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں قدیم روایات سے بغاوت نظر آتی ہے۔ روشن خیالی کا اچھوتا پن ان کی شاعری میں بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے ان کی شاعری میں فکری گہرائی، حیاتِ تازہ کی طرف بلانے والی رہنمائی ،ہوش و خرد میں لپٹے ہوئے جذبوں کا والہانہ اظہار اور فرسودہ معاشرتی طرزِ زندگی پر ایک تعمیری ،مـثبت اور تنقیدی تبصرہ ملتا ہے جو تاریک اور خاموش سناٹوں میں لہراتی ہوئی روشنی کی گونج دار لکیر کی طرح اپنے وجود کا منظر پیش کرتا ہے۔آپ لفظوں کی نئی نئی ترکیبیں ،بندشیں اور استعارے اپنے من چاہے روپ میں ترتیب دیتے ہیں۔ فکری شاعری میں فلسفہ اور جدید سائنس کے متعلقہ پہلوئوں کو نظم کرنا خاصا مشکل مرحلہ لگتا ہے۔ اس کوشش میں امتیازاوجھلؔ کی یہ کوشش اردو شاعری میں ایک قیمتی اور درخشندہ اضافہ سے کم نہیں۔وہ جدید فلسفے کاایک اہم اور مشکل موضوع جدلیاتی مادیت اپنی شاعری میں بڑے خوبصورت انداز میں نظم کرتے ہیں۔ نمونے کے...
Whenever we chronically morph into the history of the American intervention in Afghanistan it adheres to the fact that the war on terror was a rigid response of US aggression towards their failure in resisting the 9/11 attack of 2001 or for the sack of utter humanity or humanitarian rights. But on the contrary, many analysts and scholars on realistic ground justify the notion of war on terror as a strategic war which none the less determined the most figure of sustenance of US- hegemony in South Asia along with enormous illustrations of uncountable violation of human rights or the right of liberty the US administration, under the prism of liberalism. And now when the NATO alliance has existed from Afghanistan after a long constitutive war of 20 years without a remediate response, it enacts a dispersed or iconic philosophical thought that was the war on terror was a success or utter failure? The article will foretell the events that led to the war on terror from USA perspectives and policies its decisive defeat along with the rising of Taliban government with future threat and ties of it among state, under the prism of realism or the realist school of thought.
Negative experiences are part of life and being the part of life, negative experiences, can have potential effects on individuals‘ cognitive abilities which may further affect their academics. To explore this issue, prime efforts in this research were made to determine the impact of university students‘ negative experiences on their academic achievement as well as on the development of cognitive distortions among them. Furthermore, role of cognitive distortions as mediator between negative experiences and academic achievement was to be calculated also. Study objectives were followed by developing Questionnaire of Negative Experiences, and Scale of Cognitive Distortions along with self-reported GPA (Grade Point Average). Validity and reliability of developed tools was established by means of expert judgment and statistical procedures consequently. Research tools were administered to university students of Pakistan. Total 2213 students of final year were selected from 7 universities through cluster sampling technique. To reach the conclusion, frequency, percentage, and mean score were calculated for descriptive analysis. Moreover, Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was adopted to calculate mediating role of cognitive distortions between negative experiences and academic achievement. Results revealed that departmental and friends‘ problems caused decline in academic achievement of university students. In contrast, financial issues, emotional experiences, and family problems became triggers of academic performance. Upon facing a number of stressful events, several cognitive distortions (i.e. ―Emotional Reasoning‖, ―Dichotomous Thinking‖, ―Fortune Telling‖, ―Labeling‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, ―Mental Filtering‖, ―Self-Blaming‖, and ―Mind Reading‖) were developed among university students. ―Fortune Telling‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, and ―Self Blaming‖ were clear source of decline in academic achievement. Whereas students‘ GPA was seem to be increased due to ―Emotional Reasoning‖, All-or-Nothing, ―Labeling‖, Mental Filter, ―Maximization‖, and ―Mind Reading‖. Only five of the focused cognitive distortions were found to mediate the impact of negative experiences on academic achievement of university students: ―All-or-Nothing‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, ―Fortune Telling‖, ‗Mental Filter‘, and ―Self-Blame‖. Structure Equation Model regarding mediation role of cognitive distortions between negative experiences and academic achievement was finalized by determining model fit indices calculated in SPSS Amos. Developed model is a significant contribution to existing knowledge, which would hopefully serve as assisting theoretical background for educationists, psychologists, teachers and students. It can lead them to identify particular cognitive biases in order to suggest measures for eradication of negative effects from university students.