عناية أئمة النقد الحديثي بفقه الحديث

It is generally perceived in contemporary intellectual movements that canonical Traditionalists did not take had฀th text into consideration as their scholarly efforts were limited to the evaluation of had฀th chains. Aforementioned notion - in my opinion - originates from shallow study of methodology adopted by canonical had฀th critics، as a deeper look into their scholarly works reveals that sciences of had฀th includes the authentication and disparagement of traditions as well as comprehension and deduction from had฀th content. The sole objective of early Traditionalists from transmission، collection of had฀th، its evaluation، authentication and disparagement was to safeguard the true meaning of Sunnah and to transmit it in its pure form to the successors. In fact the peculiarity of their work is that they exert all efforts in order to deal with had฀th as a single undivided whole، where examination of content was not irrelevant to the evaluation of chain، their conscientious efforts recorded in major works of had฀th show how they evaluated content of had฀th to determine that it was not contradictory to Shari‘ah، or with another sound tradition، as there was a possibility that a certain reliable reporter made mistake or speculated in transmitting the meaning of had฀th. Therefore we witness them disparaging a certain transmitter for his negligence and errors whereas his had฀th is forsaken، moreover they would not consider him a Traditionalists or muhaddith฀n if excessive speculations were found in his report. This research paper aims at investigating the aforementioned hypothesis.

Corpus-Based Genre Analysis: Computer Science Research Article Introductions

Corpus-Based Genre Analysis: Computer Science Research Article Introductions Conventional definitions of genres, based on the notions of specific conventions such as of content (theme, setting etc.) and form (structure and style) have been disputed. Some scholars do not believe in the rigid rules of inclusion and exclusion of texts in a particular genre as they can be recognized intutively as instances of repetition and difference because of their 'family resemblences' among texts. Swales (1990) prefers the psycholinguistic concept of `prototypicality'. Genres usually go through phases or cycles of popularity as the crucial ideological concerns of the time in which they are popular are embodied in the generic conventions. The popular genre of research article, amongst the research and academic community, is undergoing a continuous evolution. Many scholars have attempted to explore this complex process of writing research article. The list is long, to name some: Berkenkotter and Huckin (1995); Montgomery (1996); Salager-Meyer (1998); Atkinson (1999); Valle (1999); Gross et al. (2002). The work of these scholars includes research articles from different disciplines. However, such scholarly work in the field of Computer science is limited. Cooper (1985), Posteguille (1999) and Anthony (1999) studies are either too broad or too narrow. As compared to these works, the present study addresses the issue at a greater length and is more in depth. The increasing use of computer led text corpora containing millions of words inspired the utilization of the corpus-based techniques for the present research. A corpus of 56 Research articles was created electronically. These articles were taken from five different journals of IEEE, the leading Computer society of the world. Wordsmith tools such as word frequency list, key word, collocation and concordance were applied to the corpus. Secondly, Swales (2004) CARS model was applied for the rhetorical analysis. Lexico-erammaticl analysis was done in terms of the rhetorical objectives of writing Introductions. The findings of the research as discussed in Chapter four focus on the syntactic and lexical patterns evident in the data. Theses include interesting N-grams (three and four word clusters); voice of the author (very different from the authors of other disciplines) and passivization of verbs. These stylistic excursions make an initial contribution to our understanding of Computer science research articles Introductions. The last three chapters of the dissertation constitute the heart of the discoursal analysis of the 56 Introductions in the corpus. These examine the structural-rhetorical features of the moves and steps involved, and the possible linkages between form and function. A revised CARS model has been suggested for writing Introductions of computer science research articles. Some recommendations have been put forward. The dissertation concludes with a note on the pedagogical relevance of the study.