المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي
کان للرجال (الشعراء) دور کبیر في النثر والشعر، ولکن لا یمکن ان تنکر دور ومحاولات النساء(الشاعرات) في الشعر، ولکن في البدایۃ کانت تعتبر أشعار ومنظومات النساء شيئًا معیبًا ، فلا یھتم الناس بالشاعرات، اللّھمّ إلا شاعرۃ واحدۃ کانت في قمۃ الشاعرات المبدعات وھي ’’بدر النساء بیگم‘‘ وکان ذلك في عام 1192۔
ولم یظھر إبداع النساء الشاعرات الکبیرات ولکن ظھر القلیل منه في النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر المیلادي ولم يکن من حقھن أن يظھرن إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ مباشرۃ وقد ظلت أشعارهن بین الجدران۔
وجاء ذکر الشاعرۃ (حضرت بی بی ولید) التي لھا مجموعات شعریہ متعددۃ وکان ذلک فی القرن الثامن عشر المیلادي وقد توفیت في 1836، وھناک بعض الشاعرات اللاتي جاء ذکرهن في ذلک العھد ومنھن: خضیہ بیگم، بی بی حلیم چندا ماہ لقاء، سید النساء، حیدری خانم، سلطان بیگم سلطان، شمس النساء، رضیہ خاتون جمیلہ، فخر النساء حجاب، رحمت النساء بیگم، سیدہ سردار بیگم اختر وغیرھن من الشاعرات المشھورات ۔
وتعتبر ماہ لقا چندا صاحبۃ الدیوان (الأولی) في الشعر الأردو وقد تم ترتیب دیوانھا في 1798م، 1213ھ، ولکن ذکر نصیر الدین ھاشمي بأن الشاعرۃ لطف النساء تعتبر صاحبۃ الدیوان الأول والأقدم من ماہ لقا چندا لأنھا رتبت دیوانھا في 1212ھ وکان ذلک قبل ماہ لقاء بسنۃ واحدۃ ، وھناک الکثیرات اللاتي لھن الفضل الکبیر في الشعر النسائي ومنھن: نواب شاہ جھاں، رضیہ جمیلہ، عابدہ، زاہدہ خاتون شروانیۃ، وتقول عنھا الدکتورۃ فاطمۃ حسن بأنھا ولدت في 1896ء وتوفیت في 1922 وعمرھا آنذاک 26 عاماً. وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانہ بخش عن زاھدہ خاتون بأنھا نظمت عدۃ أشعار ولکن تخلصها الشعري کان (زخ ش) وقد ولدت في 1894م ۔ ومن الأمثلۃ علی شعرھا:
میں شانے سے درگزری، أئینے سے باز آئی
اب دل ہی نہیں جس میں ہوذوق خود آرائی
ہر چیز کی صورت میں، ہوں نور کی مورت میں
ناظر نہ ہو جب...
After new Government in July 2018 in Pakistan term Riyasat e Madina has been surrounded without knowing its spirit. However, it is required to know that this slogan in not new and this dream is much old by revolutionists. Five different revolutionary parties work being examined and depicted that different path is being used by different parties with same slogan. But two parties in sub content chosen path of Muhammad SAW. One of them is already successful named MUJADDAD ALF SANI and another one is still on the way to choose Path of Muhammad SAW, named Dr. ISRAR AHMED. Main target for success is to choose Self-purification, contact with ancestors, target is eternal life and always give importance to internal purification instead of provocation.
Major processes (e.g. presupernova evolution in massive stars, supernova explosions, rp, r, s processes) taking place in astrophysical environment consists of unstable nuclei and decay spontaneously. There is a need to determine the accurate value of half-life of these unstable nuclei. The reliability of the half-life value is one of the key factors to calculate weak inter action rates in the stellar environment. Many experimentalists and theorists paid attention in this direction to perform reliable measurements as well as calculations. Present work is believed to contribute in this direction, to calculate half-life in more delicate and reliable manner, by implementing both approaches (experimental and theoretical model). The ex perimental part was performed at FEN Faculty, Physics Department Akdeniz University, Antalya Turkey. The β decay half-life of 44Sc was measured by photon activation analysis (PAA) and later calculated by proton neutron quasiparticle random phase approximation (pn-QRPA). As a result of this experiment, the obtained spectra were analyzed by MAESTRO and ROOT package. The photonuclear reaction is produced using a clinical linear accelerator (cLINAC) which generate bremsstrahlung photon beam to activate the desired sample. One aspect of this analysis is the comparison of measured results by PAA and those calculated by pn QRPA. A decent comparison between measured and calculated results with literature value is established. Accurate value of phase space factor (PSF) is a prerequisite for the calculation of half life. In my second analysis I report a new recipe for the calculaton of PSF. This work is being done in collaboration with the Romanian Collaborators (Horia Hulubei Foundation, Magurele, Romania). To obtain the electron/positron wave function, a code is developed by solving the Dirac equation with a nuclear potential derived from a realistic proton density distribution in the nucleus. For the electron capture (EC) process, it is found that the screening effect has a notable influence on the computed PSF values especially for light nuclei. Further the calculated PSFs are utilized for calculation of β-decay half-lives for fp-shell and heavier nuclei of astrophysical interest. This investigation also explores the improvement in calculated β-decay half-lives, using a given set of nuclear matrix elements, employing the recently introduced prescription for calculation of phase space factors PSFs. The role of proton neutron residual interaction for the calculation of beta decay half-life is also explored. The proton neutron residual interaction is another important feature influ encing the calculated β-decay half-lives and is studied in my third part of the work. Pairing gaps may have effect on calculated half-lives and is being studied in current investigation. Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distribution may have implications on stellar weak rates and associated nucleosynthesis in stellar environment. GT strength for β-decay of medium mass nuclei for supernovae core collapse are calculated. The calculated GT strength distribution, stellar weak rates employing deformed pn-QRPA formalism in comparison with shell model and experimentally extracted GT strengths is presented. It is expected that the current study of β-decay half-life measurement and developed theoretical techniques may contribute to a reliable estimation of half-life values both under terrestrial and stellar conditions. Consequently this work may contribute towards a better understanding of astrophysical processes.