بیماری سے مقابلہ
انسان جب بیماری کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لیے تیار ہو جا تا ہے تو بیماری کی شدت میں کمی شروع ہوجاتی ہے۔ بیماری کے حملوں میں وقفہ بڑھتا جاتا ہے اور ایک ایسا وقت آتا ہے کہ بیماری ختم ہو جاتی ہے۔ انسان کی قوت ارادی اس کو صحت مند بنانے میں کلیدی کردار ادا کرتی ہے۔
اگر وہ بیماری کے خوف کو اپنے اوپر مسلط کر لیتا ہے اور بزعم خودموت کوقر یب تصور کرتا ہے تو اس طرح بیماری میں کمی آنے کی بجائے اس کی شدت میں اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے، اس لیے بیماری کے دوران قوت ارادی کو مضبوط رکھنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔
وہ مرد نہیں جو ڈر جائے حالات کے خونی منظر سے
اس دور میں جینا لازم ہے جس دور میں جینا مشکل ہو
بیماری کے خاتمے اور بچاؤ کے لیے عوام اور ریاست کا کردار انتہائی اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ ظلماتِ امراض کو صحت و تندرستی کے اجالے میں بدلنے کے لیے دونوں کا چولی دامن کا ساتھ ہے۔ ماحول کوآلودگی سے بچانا، معیاری ادویات کی فراہمی، ملاوٹ سے پاک اشیاء کی مارکیٹ میں موجودگی کا انتظام کرنا، ہسپتالوں میں ہمہ قسم سہولیات کی فراہمی، اخبارات کے ذریعے، ٹیلی ویژن اور ریڈیو کے ذریعے شعوری آگاہی، تعلیمی نصاب میں بیماریوں سے محفوظ رکھنے کے لیے مضامین کا اندراج، زرعی پیداوار کے لئے خالص سپرے اور معیاری کھاد کی فراہمی کو یقینی بنانا، ان ہمہ قسم آسائشوں کی فراہمی اگر ریاست اور حکومت وقت کی ذمہ داری ہے تو عوام النّاس کے لیے بھی یہ لازم ہے کہ وہ دستِ تعاون دراز رکھیں۔ انہی اسلوب پرعمل پیرا ہو کر ہی بیماریوں سے چھٹکارا حاصل کیا جاسکتا ہے اور اس میں فرد، معاشرہ، قوم اور ملک کی صحت ہے۔
In the past few decades, the world has witnessed massive urbanization to access better living standards including better employment, education and health opportunities. This urbanization trend ends in the emergence and growth of informal settlements and highlights the urban dualism. This rapid urbanization amounts to the crisis of housing, employment opportunities and other basic facilities. In this regard, this study is an effort to provide the baseline understanding of slums of developing countries in general and Pakistan specifically. It also attempts to provide the definition of slums and the actual status of slums across the globe with a special focus on developing countries. Socioeconomic and living conditions of the slum dwellers in developing regions are also explored in this study. This also concludes that the status of slum residents need proper recognition, identification and mapping for the improvements in their living standards and provision of public facilities. It also provides some ways to identify the slum dwellers and mapping of slums in urban peripheries of Pakistan.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of oldest domesticated specie and a major staple food of around 3 billion people in the world. An investigation to find out the genetic diversity among 113 cold tolerant rice accessions acquired from plant genetic resource institute (PGRI) origionally obtained from Northern Areas of Pakistan along with three check varieties (Super Basmati, IR6, and JP5) was conducted. Morpho-physiological data was recorded for 19 qualitative and 19 quantitative traits at different growth stages during the summer season 2014 at two locations. The data was analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analyses (PCA). Results revealed significant level of variability for all the morphological traits. Maximum variation was observed in grain yield plant-1, (433.92 g) and plant height (311.28 cm). The accessions were grouped into seven clusters based on Euclidean dissimilarity index. PCA based on 19 quantitative traits showed that first five PCs accounted for 67.86% of the total variance, PCI explained 28.41%, PCII contributed 13.38% and PCIII accounted for 11.69% of total variation. Polymorphic genetic markers were also used to identify species relationship and to asses the degree of genetic diversity in the accessions. On the basis of absence and presence of 18 visible polypeptides, an electrophoretic profile was established for construction of dendrogram through UPGMA method. A significant amount of variation was revealed in Glutelin and Prolamin subunits, while low variation was observed in Albumin and Globulin subunits. It can be inferred from the present investigation that lower genetic diversity was xiv present in rice accessions based on total seed storage protein profile SDS-PAGE alone was found to be insufficient for reliable differentiation. High yielding 96 accessions were selected through morphological and biochemical characterization for the determination of allelic variability through microsatellite analysis using 36 SSR markers. An average of 3.5 alleles per locus were observed. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value with an average of 0.638 per locus was observed. From the results it is concluded that SSR markers were effective in detecting polymorphism in the accessions studied and other crops with high genetic similarity. Bacterial leaf blight is one of the most serious diseases of rice in world. For molecular characterization of these accessions against bacterial blight and fragrance, tightly linked STS markers were used to amplify the target fragment. Accessions were also analyzed for presence or absence of bacterial blight resistant genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21 and fgr) through PCR amplification using STS primers. Out of 96 accessions 42 accessions were found to have Xa4 resistant gene, while 50 accessions were found to have xa13 resistant gene. Fifty two accessions were found to have xa5 resistant gene which is most prevalent gene in Northern areas germplasm, Xa21 resistance gene and fgr gene were found to be absent in the germplasm studied.