موضوع4:تنقید کے اصول
تنقید کے اصول:
تنقید کے اصول اور طریقہ کار میں فرق ہے۔تنقید کے دو مروجہ طریقے ہیں:
• استخراجی طریقہ کار • استقرائی طریقہ کار
استخراجی طریقہ کار:
اس طریقہ کار میں کل سے جزویا عام سے خاص کی طرف جاتے ہیں۔مثلا تمام انسان فانی ہیں لہذابلال بھی فانی ہے۔
استقرائی طریقہ کار:
اس طریقہ کار میں جزو سے کل یا خاص سے عا م کی طرف جایا جاتا ہے۔مثلا خیبر پختونخواہ کے کوے کالے ہیں، پنجاب کے کوے کالے ہیں، بلوچستان کے کوے کالے ہیں لہذاپاکستان بھر کے کوے کالے ہیں۔
تنقید کے اصول
غیر جانبداری:
تنقید کا پہلا اصول غیر جانبداری ہے۔دوستی ،تعلق داری یا پیسے کی لالچ میں جانبداری کا مظاہرہ کرنا نہیں۔اصل نقاد غیر جانبداری کا مظاہر ہ کرتا ہے۔
محنت اور لگن سے کام:
نقاد ہمیشہ محنت سے کام کرتا ہے۔ اچھا نقاد کسی کتاب کو پڑھ کر ہی اس پر تنقید کر سکتا ہے اور رائے دے سکتا ہے۔
حقائق سے آگاہی:
نقاد کو حقیقتوں کا پتہ ہونا چاہیے مثلا انٹرنیٹ کے مسائل ہر جگہ پر ہیں۔ اس حقیقت کو مدنظر رکھ کر رائے دینی چاہیئے یعنی حقیقت پسند ہونا چاہیئے۔
مضمون پر عبور:
ایک نقاد کو اپنے مضمون پر بھرپور عبور ہونا چاہییمثلا نظم پر تنقید کرتے ہوئے نظم کی بنیادی چیزیں مثلا وزن، بحر، ردیف، قافیہ، مطلع، مقطع و?غیرہ کا پتہ ہونا چاہیئے۔ اسی طرح ناول پر تنقید کرنے کے لیے اس کے پلاٹ، موضوع، کردار نگاری،مکالمہ نگاری وغیرہ یعنی اس موضوع کی بنیادیں چیزوں سے آگاہ ہو۔
جرات اظہار:
ایک اچھے نقاد کے اندر جرات اظہارکا ہون ازحد ضروری ہے یعنی مصنف کے قد کاٹھ کو دیکھنے کی بجائے اس کے کام میں جہاں غلطی ہو اسے ببانگ دہل بیان کرسکے۔
شخصیت پرستی سے پرہیز:
نقاد کے لیے لازم ہے کہ وہ شخصیت پرستی سے...
Sūnan-ul-Tirmizi is an encyclopedia of Ahādith-ul-Ahkām. Imam Tirmizi is the Mohadith who divided hadiths into Sahih and Zaeef for the first time. He accepts or rejects a hadith on the base of Taāmul-e-Ummah. He is only the Mohadith who established the terminology of “Filbāb” in which he gives the words of hadith from a Sahabi and mentions the names of all other sahabies who are rawi of the same hadith. There are many sharh of Tirmizi written by Muhadiseen. Among them Tuhfat ul Ahwazi is famously written by Molana Abdul Rahman Mubarakpuri. He explores the terminologies of Sonan-e-Tirmizi. He discussed uloom ul hadith, books of hadith, Shoroh-ul-hadith, Asma-ul-rejal and ilm ul ansab etc. He mentions tafsiri aqwal, fiqhi problems and usool-e-hadith. He also solved the Tasaholat-e-Tirmizi in validity (sihat) and unvalidity (zouf). He is the first mohadith who tried to find the words of hadith from other sahabies whose names are given in “Filbab”. He did it but could not find the words of 87 ahadith for which he used the term “Lam aqif alaih” and 417 ahadith for which he used the term “Le Yonzar man akhraja haza ul hadith”. This thing makes it distinct from other shoroh of Sūnan-e-Tirmizi. He depends on the usool-e-hadith of forefather Muhadiseen and he did not establish his own usool hadith.
The aim of the present research work is to synthesize flexible polymer based nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties. Compounds and composites with high dielectric constant are in demand in electronic industry due to their ability to store more charge, while energy dissipation is low there. So it is needed to synthesize materials with ability to store more and more charge. In presented research work, flexible three phase nanocomposite films of graphene/metal/polymer were synthesized with reasonably high dielectric constant or real part of permittivity and very low dielectric loss or imaginary part of permittivity. Ternary nanocomposite films were synthesized by using three different polymers i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylidene fluoride and polydimethysiloxane as matrix. Graphene and two ceramic metals oxides i.e., titania and barium titanate were reinforced in the polymers as conducting and metal additives, respectively. In this way six different types of ternary nanocomposite films with different combinations of fillers and polymers were synthesized. Each ternary nanocomposite series was synthesized by varying w/w of graphene while keeping concentrations of ceramic and polymer constant. After setting optimized conditions for concentrations of graphene, w/w of ceramic filler was varied and concentrations of ceramic and polymer were kept fixed. Each ternary graphene/metal/polymer nanocomposite film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, raman spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetrical analysis to study their morphology, structures, presence of functional groups and thermal stability respectively. Dielectric characterization of each ternary graphene/metal/polymer nanocomposite film was carried out at room temperature. Ternary nanocomposite with highest dielectric constant and lowest dielectric loss were explored for each ternary nanocomposites series. Dielectric constant of poly(vinyl alcohol), Polyvinylidene fluoride and polydimethysiloxane was increased from 13.3, 20.5 and 6.5 to 330, 159.8 and 108.3, respectively, with addition of graphene and titania. While dielectric constant of poly(vinyl alcohol), Polyvinylidene fluoride and polydimethysiloxane was increased from 13.3, 20.5 and 6.5 to 66, 199.9 and 116.9, respectively, with addition of graphene and barium titanate. Even with such high dielectric constant, dielectric loss of all ternary nanocomposites was still very low i.e., less than 5 which is required for energy storage devices. AC conductivity and complex electric modulus of all neat polymers and ternary graphene/metal/polymer nanocomposite films were also calculated and compared. The superiority of this method is that synthesized three phase graphene/ceramic/polymer nanocomposite films have hybrid properties like high dielectric permittivity and low dielectric loss of fillers and flexibility and mechanical strength of polymers. All analyses of graphene/metal/polymer nanocomposite films confirm their excellent capacitive performance. On the basis of results it is concluded that synthesized ternary graphene/metal/polymer nanocomposite films are fairly good candidate to be used as dielectric medium in energy storage devices like capacitors.