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Institutional Self-Review to Identify Areas for Curricular Reforms Using Wfme Global Standards for Quality Improvement

Thesis Info

Author

Rehan Ahmed Khan

Supervisor

Gohar Wajid

Program

PP-DPT

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vi, 56 . : ill. ; 29 cm. +CD

Subject

Medicine & Health

Language

English

Other

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in health professional education (MHPE) in Medical Education; Includes bibliographical references; Thesis (MHPE)-- Riphah International University, 2016; English; Call No: 610.71 REH

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711993048

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میری زندگی کا مقصد

میری زندگی کا مقصد
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
وما خلقت الجن والانس الا لیعبدون ط صدق اللہ مولنا العظیم
صدرِذی وقار! معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس عنوان پر اظہار خیال کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’میری زندگی کا مقصد ‘‘
معزز سامعین!
اس دنیاو مافیہا میں کوئی چیز ایسی نہیں جواللہ تعالیٰ نے بے مقصد پیدا فرمائی ہو۔ مشرق سے مغرب تک جنوب سے شمال تک، زمین کی گہرائیوں سے لے کر آسمان کی بلندیوں تک ، خلوتوں سے لے کر جلوتوں تک ، تنہائیوں سے لے کر شہنائیوں تک ، گود سے لے کر گور تک ہر چیز اللہ تعالیٰ نے بامقصد پیدا فرمائی ہے۔
جنابِ صدر!
ریت کا ذرہ ، پانی کا قطرہ، ہوا کا جھونکا، صحراؤں کی سنسناہٹ ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ، ستاروں کی چمک، سیاروں کی دمک، پھولوں کی مہک ،کلیوں کی چٹک، سورج کی روشنی، چاند کی چاندنی یہ جملہ مظاہر فطرت ببانگِ دہل یہ اعلان کررہے ہیں کہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہمیں بامقصد اور کائنات کی رنگینیوں میں اضافے کے لیے وجودعطافرمایا ہے۔
معزز حاضرین!
ایک مرتبہ حضرت موسیٰ علیہ السلام نے اللہ تبارک و تعالیٰ سے عرض کی اور ہم کلام ہوئے کہ یا اللہ العالمین تو نے چھپکلی کو کیوں پیدا فرمایا تو اللہ تعالیٰ نے ارشاد فر مایا کہ اے موسی کچھ دیر پہلے یہی سوال مجھ سے چھپکلی کر چکی ہے کہ تو نے موسیٰ علیہ السلام کوکس مقصد کے لیے پیدا فرمایا۔ عربی کا مقولہ ہے:فعل الحکیم لا یخل عن الحکمہکہ حکیم کا فعل حکمت سے خالی نہیں ہوتا ۔ یعنی اللہ تعالیٰ نے دنیا کی ہر چیز کسی نہ کسی مقصد کے لیے پیدا فرمایا۔
چاند کو پیدا فرمایا روشنی اور...

MIND OVER MATTER: THE REQUIRED PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR COGNITIVE ALERTNESS AMONG PAKISTANI GERIATRIC POPULATION

Background and Objective: Aging is influenced by culture, individual experiences, and socio-demographic characteristics along with societal expectations. Cognitive functioning and activity level in geriatric population may alter their participation in daily life activities thus this study aims to explore the required physical and social activities for cognitive alertness among Pakistani Geriatric population. Methodology: An observation based study of 169 aging individuals who performed on MoCA for cognitive functioning and interviewed on IPAQ for duration of physical activity in everyday life. Results: It is an observational study, conducted among the geriatric population of different areas of Pakistan. A total number of 169 individuals participated out of which 59 % were males and 40 % were females with a majority of the population 74% falling between 65-75 years of age. It was found that 59% of the male and only 19% of the female had 22 score on MoCA for cognitive functioning and these individuals were practicing physical activities such as brisk walk for 3 days a week for more than 40 minutes and are involve at least once a week in social activities. Conclusion: The research finding concluded that physical activities and social gathering both has impact on cognitive function of geriatric population to participate actively in daily activities.

Synthesis Characterization and Pharmacological Screening of Sulfonated Derivatives of Piroxicam

Medicinal chemistry is a discipline associated with the designing, synthesis, and development of drugs used in different pathophysiological conditions. Small organic compounds or biologics are mostly studied in medicinal chemistry but the key focus is on small molecules to develop new synthetic agents for human use. These small molecules are usually heterocyclic compounds, hold a ring in their structure along with heteroatoms in addition to the carbon. Heterocyclic compounds are abundantly present in nature and very important from the therapeutic and economic point of view. Detailed information on the pharmacological activities of each organic compound is a challenge for the medicinal chemists because a large of number of synthetic organic compounds has been prepared currently. Therefore, the idea of structure activity relationship has been used to explain the variation in biological activity of organic compounds. Structure activity relationship is used in lead optimization to improve the efficacy and minimize the toxicity of the molecules. The biology oriented synthesis "BIOS" is a starting point for the search of new therapeutic agents. It is an approach for the generation of libraries of compounds for their biological applications. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are an important class of organic compounds, having widespread applications in different diseases and most commonly used as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. They are used for the management of various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions alone or in combination with opioid analgesics. Oxicam is comparatively a new class of drugs consists of enolic acid compounds which possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Their structure contains 1, 2-benzothiazene nucleus, substituted at position-3 with carboxamide. Piroxicam belongs to the oxicam family discovered in 1972. It is the first member of this class and has marked analgesic and antipyretic properties and therefore, has been used clinically for the treatment of persistent inflammatory disorders for the last 30 years. Chemically, piroxicam is 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1, 2-benzothiazine-1-(N-(2 pyridinyl) carboxamide)-1, 1-dioxide. It is a heterocyclic compound and consists of benzene and thiazine rings. Benzo represents benzene while thiazine represents a six-membered ring in benzothiazine. It acts by blocking the cyclooxygenase enzymes and inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. Due to the existence of enolic hydroxy (OH) group, piroxicam presented fascinating structural properties which prompted the medicinal chemists and pharmacologists for further research. The present study was designed to synthesize and characterize the piroxicam derivatives and screened them for in-vivo and in-vitro biological activities. Piroxicam derivatives (1-18) were prepared by dissolving piroxicam with commercially available alkyl/aryl sulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in tetrahydrofurane as a solvent, in a round bottom flask with constant stirring at room temperature. After the completion of the reaction, the resulting products were filtered, washed with hot n-hexane and excess of solvent was removed under vacuum at reduced pressure. Different spectroscopic procedures like 1H-NMR, EIMS, IR, UV and CHN analysis were used for structural elucidation of newly synthesized piroxicam derivatives and subjected to biological screening in order to prove that changing the substituent''s modifies the inhibitory potential of the individual derivative as an evident of structure activity relationship studies. The compounds were evaluated for the antinociceptive activity at 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg doses. The compounds were found to be active in acetic acid induced writhing test but inactive in hot plate test for analgesia, indicating that the compounds only possess the peripheral mechanism and no central mechanism is involved as compared with standards piroxicam and tramadol respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined in the carrageenan induced paw edema model in mice. The derivatives were tested at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg doses and most of them were found to be significantly potent as compared with standard piroxicam. The piroxicam analogues when screened for the antipyretic effect in Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia model in mice at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg doses, the prominent antipyretic effects were observed as compared with standard paracetamol. The results showed that the compounds exhibited significant (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.) dose dependent antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities when compared with standards. The analogues were found to be safe in acute toxicity test at the doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg i.p., and no gross mortality or behavioral changes were observed during 24 hours assessment time. The piroxicam derivatives were also screened for the different in-vitro activities. In in-vitro antiglycation assay, the compounds showed varying degree of antiglycation potential when compared with standard “rutin”. Compound 2, 4, and 7 exhibited excellent antiglycation activity with better potency than the reference. In in-vitro 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium cytotoxicity assay, piroxicam derivatives exhibited varying degree of cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell lines when compared with standard “doxorubicin”. Compound 4, 17 and 18 showed moderate anticancer activity while compound 3 showed low growth inhibitory activity. The derivatives were also screened for the in-vitro immunomodulatory activity against the standard “ibuprofen”. None of the compound was found to be active in the in-vitro immunomodulatory activity. It concludes that, changing the substituent or changing the position of substituent on aromatic ring does not impart any activity to the compounds. Results of in-vitro dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory assay showed that the substitution does not noticeably change the activity of the compounds but impart a weak inhibitory activity to the compounds 1, 4, 11, 13 and 14. Other piroxicam derivatives of this series were inactive toward in-vitro dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory assay. In case of in-vitro leishmanicidal activity, compounds 7, 8, 10, 13, 14 and 17 showed good to low leishmanicidal activity while other compounds of this series having less than 100 % inhibition values and therefore concluded them as inactive. It can be concluded that, some piroxicam derivatives possess potent, good/low in-vitro antiglycation, anticancer, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory and leishmanicidal potential as compared with standards but inactive in in-vitro immunomodulatory activity. Findings of this research work strongly support the use of piroxicam derivatives as analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycating, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, leishmanicidal and anticancer agents. However, further comprehensive research work on piroxicam derivatives as well as their use for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme is necessary in order to minimize the gastrointestinal complications.