Disparity in Political Participation on Social Media Public Sphere among Male and Female Students

Social media has become a key term in new participatory political discourse. Previous studies argued that youth is least interested in democracies and politics; hence, this study aims to explore the role of social media in increasing political participation among male and female university students. Data was collected from a sample of 340 students, chosen from equal gender proportion of five universities with purposive sampling technique to conduct quantitative survey research. The findings of study revealed a positive relationship between political participation and social media usage of students. It also confirms that majority respondents were using social media for political information but the trend is more popular among the male students as compared to females. Male participants were more involved in discussing politics and posting political content on social media, while females were more active in actionable politics like casting vote. The study concludes that social media is playing a significant role in enhancing political participation among university students and predicts a better future of democracies in social media world as new technology provides the language that young voters understand. It also realized that measures are required to attract female students towards participatory politics in Pakistan. ______

Evolving United States-India Strategic Partnership: Implications for Pakistan 1991-2016

Evolving US-India Strategic Partnership is unprecedented in meaning, practice and implications. It has changed the international and regional political order. The amended modifications/alteration in fundamentals of nuclear laws/statutes has revolutionarily paralyzed the World political nuclear regime. US policy shift for specific India has launched the future of South Asia region into the horror of radioactive holocaust. The deliberated nuclear deal and agreements have legitimized India for nuclear commerce and arsenals’ stockpiling. US balancing strategy on the cost of peer hegemon China prepared India to fulfill her revisionist ambitions to be a great power. The strategic opportunity to India has disturbed the Indo-Pak sub continental balance of power. India’s pschyopolitical power boost-up has replaced NFU option with FUS nuclear Doctrine: Posed to neutralize Pakistan’s political nuclear deterrence and lopsided the balance of threat and increased the threat-level Offensive as well as preemption would be the phenomenal strategy of India. The emerging situation is strategic political entropy specific for Pakistan’s decision making elites to be rational for national existence. The new cold-start in the form of military arms built-up and relative race is in the hands of antithetical fundamentalist neo-nuclear giants. US policy of internationalization of partner’s role has consequences for Pakistan and peaceful resolution of Kashmir conflict. Furthermore the US-India strategic design impacted the war on terror to be an instrument of policy. Consequently the proxies are in the warfare. Surveilling, spying are the instrument of proxies and the destabilization over destabilization the endless terrorism is the destiny that proved the anarchy is the states as actors’ social construction. The SA regional neoanarchy the product of US-India strategic connectivity has meaning. This dissertation is research effort to debunk the meaning and complexity of strategic phenomena with applying the lens of IR main stream explanatory theories: Realism, Offensive Realism, Liberalism, Neo-Liberal-Institutionalism, Prospect theory/Frame Theory, Balance of Power and Balance of Threat. The APA reference methods, qualitative research methods and methodology are engineered to construct this research product.