Legal Authority of the Prophet Muhammad and the Orientalists: A Critical Study

Civic behavior reflects the values related to individual’s attitude towards family, peer group, and neighborhood and includes the way one behaves in the society and community as a whole. The purpose of the present study is to describe what civic behavior is, its characteristics, its status in the Hadith, and the way forward for improvement of the civic behavior as guided by Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). Study implies that truthfulness, mercifulness, polite talk, helping others, respect for others, caring and sharing and promise-keeping, loyalty, sympathy, honesty, kindness, brotherhood, cooperation, fairness and unity are the core qualities that make the individual a civilized and active citizen and our Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is the embodiment of all these virtues. Descriptive approach was followed to explain and analyze the concept. First the concept of civic behavior was interpreted, then its importance and characteristics were discussed. After that it was explored in the light of the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The findings highlight that the civic behavior in its best form was preached and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and his companions. Each dimension was interpreted in the light of the Quran and the Sīrah. It was concluded that Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is an immaculate source of guidance and inspiration for not only Muslims but also for the whole mankind in acquiring the core values and abilities that determine the Civic behavior of an individual which ultimately results into a well-organized, peaceful and civilized society The study suggests that civic behavior of the citizens has significant impact on the formation and development of a peaceful society. It is recommended that civic behavior as reflected in the life of and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) should be promoted and practiced for achieving a civilized social setup.

Numerical Simulation of Complex Flows of Fibre Reinforced Composites

Complex laminar flows of incompressible fluids have been investigated numerically. Both Newtonian and generalised non–Newtonian fluids are simulated, whilst for generalised non–Newtonian fluids, two shear thinning models, i.e., Bird–Carreau and Power law, are employed. Both models are. For numerical investigation the flow problem adopted is two–dimensional axisymmetric periodically constricted tube. The frame of reference used in the investigation is cylindrical polar co–ordinates. For the simulation two–dimensional momentum transport equation is solved using a Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical scheme used is known as Taylor–Galerkin/pressure–correction algorithm. In open literature this problem is simulated only for single aspect ratio (amplitude) of the undulation in the absence of fibres. Whereas, in this research investigation principal aim is introduction of fibre reinforced composite material. Different aspect ratios of undulation are also simulated at various inertial forces. For comparison purpose with other experimental results as well as numerical prediction, initially, flow is considered for constant viscosity Newtonian fluids through periodically constricted tube. Subsequently, from dilute to semi–dilute rigid rod like fibre suspended in all fluid models, i.e., constant viscosity, Bird–Carreau and Power law fluids have been examined. For different undulation levels of periodically constricted tube, the critical values of the Reynolds number have been identified, where beginning of embryo recirculation region starts. As inertial force increases, augmentation of vortex is observed in the undulation region. While, introducing fibres vortices shrinks in length and intensity. For Newtonian, power law and Bird–Carreau models pressure isobars are also demonstrated. In all levels of fibre concentration, the graphical illustration of calculated data for friction factor as well as empirical relationships is illustrated for all undulation aspect ratios.