قرآن میں استفہامیہ اسلوب کے مقاصد
قرآن حکیم میں استفہام کا اسلوب کثرت سے استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مخاطب میں آمادگی پیدا کرنے، غور وفکر کی دعوت دینے، مخاطب کو جواب سننے کےلیے آمادہ کرنے ، اور مخاطب سے کسی حقیقت کا اقرار کرانے کے لیے یہ اسلوب استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ استفہام ،اثبات کے ذریعے بھی کیا گیاہے اور منفی اندازِ استفہام بھی نظر آتاہے ۔علاوہ ازیں تاکید، ترغیب ،توبیخ،تحقیر، عبرت اندوزی، شان و شوکت کے اظہار اور التفات و نوازش کے لیے بھی اسے استعمال کیا گیاہے ۔ یہ اقرار و امر کےمعنی میں بھی آیاہے اوراظہار تعجب کے لیے بھی۔ حسرت کے انداز میں بھی اور بانداز استعجاب و استہزاء بھی۔ مسلسل استفہام بھی قرآن میں استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مذکورہ بالا مقاصد وحکمتوں اور اس کے منفرد استعمال پر ذیل میں بحث کی گئی ہے ۔
The development of Islamic Jurisprudence tradition over time produces the Juris-prudential product with different approaches, methodologies, and interpretations. Nowadays, the difference of opinion in the Islamic Jurisprudence is marked by the reconstruction of the jurisprudential tradition because they are no longer relevant to address the issue of masculinity. In this study, the author discusses one of the recent literatures of Islamic Jurisprudence, Al Fiqh Al Islami wa Adilatuhu, written by Wahbah Al-Zuḥaylī (1932-2015 AD). In this article, he tried to reach a compromise between classical jurisprudence with a contemporary one; this is due to some modern views that classical account is no longer able to solve the recent problems. Therefore Al-Zuḥaylī tried to integrate classical interpretation to the contemporary style with a consistent method. To find some pictures of his jurisprudential approach, the author discusses the different aspects of his masterpiece in this paper. Keywords: , ,
This study consisted of three independent experiments. In the first experiment, the effects of different housing strategies on metrological, physiological and reproductive parameters of Holstein Friesian bulls were noted during summer. Similarly, the effect of dietary vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation (experiment-2) and fat supplementation (experiment-3) on physiological responses, reproductive performance and blood chemistry profile in Holstein Friesian breeding bulls was determined during the summer season. A total of 36 mature Holstein Friesian bulls were randomly selected and equally (n=12) divided into three groups (experiment-1); 1) CTL, bulls kept under shade only; 2) FN, bulls provided with fans under shade, and 3) FNS, showering along with fans under shade. The trial lasted for six months from April, 2016 till September, 2016, and divided into two seasons (dry hot and humid hot). THI was recorded at three different times of the day i.e., 0500h, 1400h and 2200h. The data obtained was subjected to ANOVA under CRD using SAS software. A total of eighteen (n=18) mature Holstein Friesian breeding bulls with similar body weight and age were divided into three groups (experiment-2) i.e., 1) CTL, basal diet without Se and Vit. E supplementation; 2) SeS, basal diet supplemented with 3 g Selemax® (Biorigin, USA); 3) ESeS, basal diet with 3 g Selemax® and Vit. E at 6000 IU/day). The data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS software. Similarly, in the 3rd experiment, bulls were randomly assigned to three groups (n=6 in each group) i.e., 1) basal diet without fat supplementation (CTL); 2) basal diet with 100 g fat supplementation (FS100; Energizer-RP-10®, IFFCO, Johor, Malaysia); and 3) basal diet with 200 g fat supplementation (FS200). For determination of statistical significance, ANOVA under CRD was applied by using SAS software (Uni. Edi.). In the first experiment, blood glucose concentration was significantly different among the treatment groups. Mean fortnightly glucose for CTL, FN, and FNS was 78.5, 72.6, and 71.5 ± 2.70 mg/dl. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and testosterone levels were similar among all the treatment groups. The fans and sprinklers system helped in amelioration of heat stress by lowering the THI and physiological responses. In second experiment, Vit. E and Se supplementation significantly improved testosterone levels in blood (P = 0.0014). Vit E and Se had no effect on BUN and glucose levels. The combination of Vit. E and Se significantly improved sperm motility. The ESeS group had significantly (P = 0.0042) higher sperm motility (78.5%) compared to CTL (71 .12%). The Vit. E and Se significantly improved ALH (Amplitude of lateral head displacement) values. Therefore, vitamin E and Selenium supplementation could be used for sustaining breeding bull reproductivity during humid hot summer. Similarly, in third experiment, semen volume and semen concentration showed a decreasing trend with the supplementation of fat, while other semen traits including sperm motility, progressive motility, amplitude of lateral head displacement, live to dead ratio, normal acrosomal ridge, plasma membrane integrity, and DNA integrity were not influenced. Fat supplementation did not affect testosterone concentration. Glucose showed a quadratic trend in response to fat supplementation with highest values in FS100 (81.23) followed by CTL (78.66) and FS200 (78.17). Blood urea nitrogen linearly increased with increasing fat supplementation. The showering with fans improved physiological responses and decreased water intake requirements. Furthermore, showering with fans tended to improve semen volume. Physiological responses were higher in humid hot summer. The current findings indicate that showering with fans improved the welfare of bulls during summer by lowering physiological responses with minor gain in semen volume. Humid hot summer was less damaging to certain semen characteristics compared to dry hot summer. The Vit. E and Se supplementation improved certain important semen traits and testosterone levels in Holstein Friesian bulls during hot humid summer but did not improve the welfare of bulls. It could also be concluded that addition of fat did not improve physiological and reproductive performance of bulls during summer. FA200 group improved some semen parameters during hot humid summer.