Effect of storage on PHYSIO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PEANUT YOGURT Effect of storage on peanut yogurt

ABSTRACT: Peanuts may be consumed in a variety of processed forms like roasted, raw and processed etc. And represent as a multimillion dollar crop worldwide with many potential dietary benefits as it contains high protein and health effective oils. Objective: The present investigation was planned to evaluate thephysio-chemical properties of peanut milk yogurt by the addition of different concentration of peanut milk (0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 %), skimmed milk liquid (60 %, 70 %, 80 %, and 90 %), skimmed milk powder (9 %) and sugar (1 %). Methods: The physico-chemical tests (pH, acidity, moisture, ash, fat, protein, syneresis, and viscosity) were examined after every 5 days of interval for a period of 15 days at 4 ºC. Results: The results of physico-chemical analysis revealed that pH, ash, fat, protein and viscosity decrease during storage period where as acidity, moisture and rate of syneresis increased during storage. Treatment T1 (10 % peanut milk) was comparatively best for manufacturing of peanut milk yogurt followed by T2 (20 % peanut milk + 70 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) while peanut milk yogurt from (30 % peanut milk + 60 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) had the lowest degree of firmness. Conclusions: It was noticed that correlation among fat, total solids and protein contents in peanut milk affect the extent of serum separation and pH of yogurt. The storage had significant effects on all physico-chemical parameters. Treatments had significant effect on all physico-chemical parameters

Performance of Demutualized, Cross-Listed and Newly Listed Ipos: Evidences from Alternative Investment Market Aim

Generally, in most traditional markets one can observe a rapid escalation in the trading price of many IPOs on the first day. The closing price on the first day of trading is quite often much high then the offering price six hours earlier.It is a well established fact that initial public offerings of common stock (hereafter IPOs) are mostly underpriced, sometimes astronomically and subsequently underperformed in long-run period. There remains a question as to why this is such a common occurrence. However, virtually all the statistical studies draw their data from large highly liquid markets-traditional or main markets. To test these propositions, we selected various categories of IPOs i.e. local IPOs, cross-listed IPOs and demutualized firms’ offeringthat are listed on AIM during 2001 to 2017. Findings of the study depicts that on average, IPOs are underpriced by 2.48%, 2.62% and 2.16% on the first, fifteen and thirty day of trading respectively. We further identified that demutualized IPOs are less underpriced then local IPOs. In addition, cross-listed IPOs are more underpriced on the fifteenth and the thirtieth day of trading relative to local and demutualized IPOs. This study also reports that offer price is emerged as a robust determinant of short-run performance of unseasoned issues. In long-run price performance, it is found that investors in the AIM earn significant positive returns if the stock is hold for three years, and the price variation is dependent upon the firm size. As for as the spillover is concerned, the results show that only mean spillover effects from US and Australian market and volatility spillover effects from US, Canada, Australia and Irish market transmit to their respective cross-listed IPOs on an alternative markets. That finding implies that in short-run, a lower offer price leads to greater underpricing. In long-run, Investment in small firms seems more profitable compared to those of large firms in the AIM. These findings suggest that prospective investors can develop and diversify their portfolio in an alternative markets. The findings of the study have also a practical value for those investor who are especially interested in earning abnormal excess returns in an alternative market